carefully selected and the selection approved by the Central Education Authority in each case. After considering various expedients the Committee came unanimously to the conclusion that the best arrangement would be for the country of origin to continue to pay the salary of the teacher during this period of service abroad, and that the teacher's service should count both for increment of salary and for superannuation.

The Committee recognises the valuable assistance which has been given to the interchange teachers by the voluntary agencies through which the interchange has hitherto been effected, especially in respect of social and personal matters, and considers that much of this work must continue to be done by these organisations. They are, however, strongly of the opinion that only one such organisation should operate within the limits of a single Dominion.

The Committee desires to submit the following suggestions to the Conference :

(i) That interchange should be sought as far as practicable between teachers of similar qualifications and experience. (ii) That leave of absence with pay be granted to teachers accepted for interchange: such leave of absence to cover the period of travel outwards and homewards.

(iii) That service abroad of interchange teachers shall involve no disability in respect of salary increment, seniority, or of superannuation or other privilege.

(iv) That teachers so interchanged shall not enter the service of the authority to which they exchange without the permission of the authority under which they are permanently employed.

(v) That all exchange shall be for the period of one year exclusive of the time spent on travelling.

(vi) That no teacher be accepted for interchange who is under twenty-five years of age or has less than five years' teaching experience or is over forty-five years of age.

II.-Recognition of services given elsewhere than in the country of origin for the purposes of superannuation.

The Committee considered the various representations made to them regarding the handicap with respect to superannuation to which teachers were subject who served for a short period in some Dominion, in India or in a Colony. As a considerable number of Dominion States and Provinces make no provision at all for superannuation while others place the whole burden on the teacher through a system of compulsory insurance, it was recognised that no general scheme was possible which would secure the acceptance for pension purposes of service given anywhere within the Empire. The Committee agreed that no Administration could be asked to assume responsibility for service given outside its own jurisdiction. At the same time they desire to express the hope that in places where a contributory pension system exists, teachers proceeding to other parts of the Empire might be permitted to continue their contributions to the pensions fund of their country of origin, provided that the Government under which they were temporarily serving were prepared to make the necessary payments in respect of this service. It is suggested that any period of service up to a maximum of five years might be accepted for this purpose. An arrangement of this kind, it is felt, would greatly facilitate the recruitment of teachers from the Home Countries for service in India and the Colonies.

The findings of the Committee are expressed in the following propositions which are submitted to the Conference :

(i) That, while the Conference is sensible of the great advantages that would accrue from an arrangement under which

service as a teacher in various parts of the Empire could be aggregated for the purposes of superannuation, they are of opinion that any comprehensive arrangement of the kind is meanwhile impracticable, in view of the wide diversity in the terms and conditions of the different superannuation schemes and still more in view of the fact that in some cases no superannuation scheme at all is

in force.

(ii) That nevertheless the benefits that might attach to even a limited arrangement appeared to be considerable, and that the Conference accordingly requests the Board of Education to keep the question carefully before them in connection with the terms of any new superannuation system that may be evolved for England and Wales. (iii) That, even if in some instances legislative action on the part of Overseas Governments might be required to bring about the desired reciprocity, the Conference does not feel that this difficulty is necessarily insuperable, always provided that no Government is called upon to make payment in respect of services rendered to a Department outside of its own territorial limits.

(iv) That the delegates undertake to communicate the foregoing resolutions to their respective Governments, along with a recommendation that sympathetic consideration should be given to any proposals in the direction indicated that may be formulated by the Board of Education as the co-ordinating body.

III.-Recognition of previous service for the calculation of salary.

The Committee then considered the recognition of overseas service for the purpose of calculating salary in England and Wales. At the present time a teacher coming to this country from the Dominions is placed at the minimum of the scale when he begins his service in this country. It was a recommendation of the Burnham Committee that properly qualified teachers should be allowed to count their previous service, if their country of origin would give reciprocal treatment to British teachers proceeding to those parts. It was explained to the Committee that the conditions governing the payment of salaries in Australia and Canada rendered any reciprocal treatment impossible; in Australia salaries are not based on years of service, and in Canada the Education Departments do not determine the scales of salary and do not control the payments made by the local bodies who engage and pay the teachers. In South Africa previous service can be recognised up to a limit of five years. In these circumstances the Committee does not desire to submit any recommendation to the Conference.

IV.-Recognition of teachers' certificates throughout the Empire. The Committee does not wish to recommend any uniform procedure as to award of teachers' certificates which would hamper the freedom of the various Governments in framing such arrangements for the training of teachers as may suit their several requirements and in developing these arrangements from time to time.

The Committee considers further that any arrangements for the migration of teachers from one part of the Empire to another (as distinct from arrangements for temporary interchange of teachers) must be limited by the extent to which the various parts of the Empire have vacant places in their schools for which no qualified home candidates are available.

Each part of the Empire should further be at liberty to require, in the case of teachers coming from other parts of the Empire,

proofs of such specific qualifications as it may consider necessary for the purpose of giving efficient instruction in its schools generally or any particular schools.

Subject to the above, however, the Committee suggests that the various Education Departments should give the status of certificated teacher in an Elementary School to any teachers coming from some other part of the Empire who has

(a) Completed a full Secondary School education, passing with success an examination normally accepted as marking a successful termination of the Secondary School course or at about the age of eighteen (or has obtained a University degree), and has thereafter completed successfully a year of professional training in the Principles and Practice of Teaching in a training institution approved by the Education Department of the country of origin;

or (b) Has passed the matriculation examination or some other public examination usually taken at or about the age of seventeen and has thereafter completed successfully a two-years' course including further academic study together with professional training in the Principles and Practice of Teaching in a training institution approved by the Education Department of the country of origin; provided (c) That in either case evidence of the successful completion of a period of probation in teaching after the completion of the course of training may be required.

The Committee recommends that the question be further discussed at the next Imperial Education Conference and that in the meantime the proposal be further examined by informal discussion between the various Education Departments.

PRINCIPLES

APPENDIX B.

FOR BILINGUAL TEACHING.

Report as accepted by the Conference.

The Committee after giving full consideration to their reference (see paragraph 5 of Conclusions) decided to make the following recommendations:

General Principles for Bilingual Teaching.

1. Bilingual teaching within the British Empire necessarily implies as an aim the acquisition of a competent knowledge of English. 2. The language best known and understood by the child on his entry into school life is, from the educational point of view, the most effective medium for his instruction in the preliminary stages of school education.

3. The second language may be used generally as a medium of instruction in some or all of the subjects of the curriculum as soon as the child has reached in it such a degree of proficiency as to be able to profit from lessons conducted in that language.

4. In cases where the two languages (i.e., that mentioned in 2 above and the second language) are both highly developed and possess an adequate literary content, instruction in them should thenceforth proceed concurrently, where the organisation of the school permits, throughout the whole school course.

5. The learning of a third language is not, as a rule, desirable before the pupil enters the Secondary School stage.

6. Effective teaching in the two languages-either as subjects or as media in a school-requires that adequate provision to that end should be made in the teacher's course of training.

B.-OFFICE OF SPECIAL ENQUIRIES AND

REPORTS.

1. Services rendered to Indian and Colonial Education Departments.

276. During the calendar year 1923, the Office of Special Enquiries and Reports, assisted by the Scottish Education Department, was instrumental in recruiting a number of teachers for posts in India and the Crown Colonies. The selection committee met on thirteen occasions, and the number of candidates recommended for appointment by them was thirty-two (one man and one woman for posts in India, and three men and twenty-seven women for posts in the Crown Colonies). The majority of the posts were in Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. The more important vacancies were for a Vice-Principal of the Queen Mary College, Lahore; a Professor of Civil Engineering at Rangoon University; and a Vice-Principal of the Women's Training College, Jerusalem.

277. During the same period statements of the qualifications and experience of 225 teachers from England and Wales were sent to oversea Education Departments. Approximately, onehalf of these teachers were contemplating emigration to Canada.

2. Educational Pamphlets.

278. During the year three" Educational Pamphlets" have been published :

(1) The Teaching of History (Educational Pamphlet, No. 37).

(2) A Report on the Experimental Course in Music at the Mary Datchelor School, Camberwell (Educational Pamphlet, No. 42), specially referred to in paragraph 149 (Chapter III) of this Report dealing with educational experiments in Secondary Schools, and (3) Mental and Scholastic Tests among Retarded Children (Educational Pamphlet, No. 44).

3. Scheme for the Exchange of Teachers of Modern Languages between England and France.

279. For the school year 1922-23 the Office was asked to find candidates for posts as English assistant in some seventy-nine Secondary Schools and Training Colleges in France. Eighteen assistants (nine men, nine women) were appointed to the Secondary School vacancies, and thirty-seven (five répétiteurs, thirtytwo répétitrices) to the vacancies in the Training Colleges, a total in all of fifty-five appointments, as compared with fifty-six (nine assistants, ten assistantes, seven répétiteurs, thirty répétitrices) for the school year 1921-22.

For the school year 1922-23 forty-four French assistants (ten men, thirty-four women) were appointed to Secondary Schools in England and Wales. In addition, two French assistants (one man and one woman) were appointed to assist in the French department of an English University. The total number of appointments for French assistants in England and Wales for 1922-23 was, therefore, forty-six, as compared with fifty-six for 1921-22.