forces or against nations with which the United States has no diplomatic relations, not less than 20 per centum of the foreign currencies set aside for purposes other than those in sections 104 (a), (b), (e), and (j) shall be allocated for the self-help measures set forth in this section.

(c) Each agreement entered into under this title shall describe the program which the recipient country is undertaking to improve its production, storage, and distribution of agricultural commodities; and shall provide for termination of such agreement whenever the President finds that such program is not being adequately developed.

SEC. 110. Agreements shall not be entered into under this title during any calendar year which will call for an appropriation to reimburse the Commodity Credit Corporation in an amount in excess or $1,900,000,000, plus any amount by which agreements entered into under this title in prior years have called or will call for appropriations to reimburse the Commodity Credit Corporation in amounts less than authorized for such prior years.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

(7 U.S.C. 1691) Enacted July 10, 1954, as P.L. 480, 83d Cong., 68 Stat. 459; amended Aug. 26, 1954, P.L. 665, 83d Cong., 68 Stat. 862; amended Apr. 25, 1955, P.L. 27, 84th Cong., 69 Stat. 44; amended Aug. 12, 1955, P.L. 387, 84th Cong.. 69 Stat. 721; amended May 28, 1956, P.L. 540, 84th Cong., 70 Stat. 201; amended July 18, 1956, P.L. 726, 84th Cong., 70 Stat. 564; amended Aug. 3, 1956, P.L. 962, 84th Cong., 70 Stat. 988; amended Aug. 13, 1957, P.L. 85-128, 71 Stat. 345, Aug. 14, 1957, P.L. 85-141, 71 Stat. 365, June 30, 1958, P.L. 85-477, 72 Stat. 275; amended Sept. 6, 1958, P.L. 85-931, 72 Stat. 1790; amended July 24, 1959, P.L. 86-108, 73 Stat. 258; amended Sept. 21, 1959; P.L. 86-341, 73 Stat. 607; amended May 4, 1961, P.L. 87-27, 75 Stat. 64; amended Aug. 8, 1961, P.L. 87-128, 75 Stat. 306; amended Sept. 4, 1961, P.L. 87-195, 75 Stat. 463; amended Sept. 27, 1962, P.L. 87-703, 76 Stat. 611; amended Oct. 18, 1962, P.L. 87-839, 76 Stat. 1074; amended Dec. 16, 1963, P.L. 88-205, 77 Stat. 386; amended Oct. 8, 1964, P.L. 88-638, 78 Stat. 1035; amended Nov. 11, 1966, P.L. 89-808, 80 Stat. 1526.

Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

(P.L. 87-256)

AN ACT To provide for the improvement and strengthening of the international relations of the United States by promoting better mutual understanding among the people of the world through educational and cultural exchanges. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961".

SEC. 101. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE. The purpose of this Act is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development

of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.

SEC. 102(a) The President is authorized, when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for

(1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities

(A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries; and

(B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools and institutions of learning located in or outside the United States;

and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors;

(2) cultural exchanges, by financing—

(i) visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished

persons;

(ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other form of cultural attainment;

(iii) United States representation in international artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and assemblies;

(iv) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in nonprofit activities in the United States similar to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, when the President determines that such participation is in the national interest.

(3) United States participation in international fairs and expositions abroad, including trade and industrial fairs and other public or private demonstrations of the United States economic accomplishments and cultural attainments.

(b) In furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the President is further authorized to provide for

(1) interchanges between the United States and other countries of handicrafts, scientific, technical, and scholarly books, books of literature, periodicals, and Government publications, and the reproduction and translation of such writings and the preparation, distribution, and interchange of other educational and research materials, including laboratory and technical equipment for education and research;

(2) establishing and operating in the United States and abroad centers for cultural and technical interchanges to promote better relations and understanding between the United States and other nations through cooperative study, training, and research;

(3) assistance in the establishment, expansion, maintenance, and operation of schools and institutions of learning abroad, founded, operated, or sponsored by citizens or nonprofit institu

tions of the United States, including such schools and institu tions serving as demonstration centers for methods and practices employed in the United States;

(4) fostering and supporting American studies in foreign countries through professorships, lectureships, institutes, seminars, and courses in such subjects as American history, government, economics, language, and literature, and other subjects related to American civilization and culture, including financing the attendance at such studies by persons from other countries; (5) promoting and supporting medical; scientific, cultural, and educational research and development;

(6) promoting modern foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities by supporting visits and study in foreign countries by teachers and prospective teachers in such schools, colleges, and univeristies for the purpose of improving their skill in languages and their knowledge of the culture of the people of these countries, and by financing visits by teachers from those countries to the United States for the purpose of participating in foreign language training and area studies in Unietd States schools, colleges, and universities; (7) United States representation at international nongovernmental educational, scientific, and technical meetings;

(8) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in educational, scientific, and technical meetings held under American auspices in or outside the United States;

(9) encouraging independent research into the problems of educational and cultural exchange; and

(10) promoting studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities of citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools, colleges, and universities located in the United States by making available to citizens and nationals of less developed friendly foreign countries for exchange for currencies of their respective countries (other than excess foreign currencies), at United States embassies, United States dollars in such amounts as may be necessary to enable such foreign citizens or nationals who are coming temporarily to the United States as students, trainees, teachers, instructors, or professors to meet expenses of the kind described in section 104(e) (1) of this Act.

SEC. 103. (a) The President is authorized to enter into agreements with foreign governments and international organizations, in furtherance of the purposes of this Act. In such agreements the President is authorized, when he deems it in the public interest, to seek the agreement of the other governments concerned to cooperate and assist, including making use of funds placed in special accounts pursuant to agreements concluded in accordance with section 115(b)(6) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, or any similar agreements, in providing for the activities authorized in section 102, and particularly those authorized in subsection 102(a) (1), of this Act with respect to the expenses of international transportation of their own citizens and nationals and of activities in furtherance of the purposes of this Act carried on within the borders of such other nations.

(b) Such agreements may also provide for the creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions for the purpose of administering programs in furtherance of the purposes of this Act.

(c) In such agreements with international organizations, the President may provide for equitable United States participation in and support for, including a reasonable share of the cost of, educational and cultural programs to be administered by such organizations.

SEC. 104(a) The President may delegate, to such officers of the Government as he determines to be appropriate, any of the powers conferred upon him by this Act to the extent that he finds such delegation to be in the interest of the purposes expressed in this Act and the efficient administration of the programs undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That where the President has delegated any of such powers to any officer, before the President implements any proposal for the delegation of any of such powers to another officer, that proposal shall be submitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and thereafter a period of not less than sixty days shall have elapsed while Congress is in session. In computing such sixty days, there shall be excluded the days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than three days.

(b) The President is authorized to employ such other personnel as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions and purposes of this Act, and of such personnel not to exceed ten may be compensated without regard to the provisions of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, and of these not to exceed five may be compensated at a rate in excess of the highest rate of grade 18 of the general schedule established by such Act. Such positions shall be in addition to the number authorized by section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended.

(c) For the purpose of performing functions under this Act outside the United States, including participation in binational or multinational foundations or commissions, the Secretary of State may employ or assign or authorize the employment or assignment for the duration of operations under this Act of persons in or to the Foreign Service Reserve or Foreign Service Staff and alien clerks and employees in accordance with applicable provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 801).

(d) For the purpose of performing functions under this Act outside the United States, the President is authorized to provide that any person employed or assigned by a United States Government agency shall be entitled, except to the extent that the President may specify otherwise in cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, to the same benefits as are provided by section 528 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 928), for persons appointed to the Foreign Service Reserve and, except for policymaking officials, the provisions of section 1005 of the Foreign Service Act of 1949, as amended (22 U.S.C. 807), shall apply in the case of such persons.

(e) (1) In providing for the activities and interchanges authorized by section 102 of this Act, grants may be made to or for individuals, either directly or through foundations or educational or other institu

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tions, which foundations or institutions are public or private nonprofit, and may include funds for tuition and other necessary incidental expenses, for travel expenses from their places of residence and return for themselves, and, whenever it would further the purposes of this Act, for the dependent members of their immediate families, for health and accident insurance premiums, emergency medical expenses, costs of preparing and transporting to their former homes the remains of any of such persons who may die while away from their homes as participants or dependents of participants in any program under this Act, and for per diem in lieu of subsistence at rates prescribed by the President, for all such persons, and for such other expenses as are necessary for the successful accomplishment of the purposes of this Act.

(2) Funds available for programs under this Act may be used (i) to provide for orientation courses, language training, or other appropriate services and materials for persons traveling out of the countries of their residence for educational and cultural purposes which further the purposes of this Act, whether or not they are receiving other financial support from the Government, and (ii) to provide or continue services to increase the effectiveness of such programs following the return of such persons to the countries of their residence.

(3) For the purpose of assisting foreign students in making the best use of their opportunities while attending colleges and universities in the United States, and assisting such students in directing their talents and initiative into channels which will make them more effective leaders upon return to their native lands, the President may make suitable arrangements, by contract or otherwise, for the establishment and maintenance at colleges and universities in the United States attended by foreign students of an adequate counseling service.

(4) The President is authorized to provide for publicity and promotion (including representation) abroad of activities of the type provided for in this Act.

(f) All persons employed or assigned to duties under this Act shall be investigated with respect to loyalty and suitability in accordance with standards and procedures established by the President.

(g) (1) For the purpose of performing functions authorized by section 102 (b) (10) of this Act, the President is authorized to establish the exchange rates at which all foreign currencies may be acquired through operations under such section, and shall issue regulations binding upon all embassies with respect to the exchange rates to be applicable in each of the respective countries where currency exchanges are authorized under such section.

(2) In performing the functions authorized under section 102 (b) (10) of this Act, the President shall make suitable arrangements for protecting the interests of the United States Government in connection with the ownership, use, and disposition of all foreign currencies acquired pursuant to exchanges made under such section.

(3) The total amount of United States dollars acquired by any individual through currency exchanges under the authority of section 102(b) (10) of this Act shall in no event exceed $3,000 during any academic year.