The manufactures from foreign materials are, spirits from molasses, refined sugar, chocolate, gunpowder, brass and copper, and medicines. The manufacture of wool is extending rapidly in the United States. The Merino breed thrives well in this climate, and their number is augmenting fast throughout the Union. The whole number of sheep already reaches nearly twenty millions, and is continually increasing. The British Isles maintain about thirty millions of sheep; only onethird more than the American sheep, of all kinds, taken together; and the United States can easily support twenty times their present number. In the articles of iron and hemp, and more especially hemp, the United States, probably, will soon be independent of Russia and the rest of the world. The culture of hemp succeeds in many parts of the Union, especially in Kentucky, which, in one year, produced upwards of one hundred and twenty thousand hundred-weight, valued at $700,000 and made also, in the same year, forty thousand hundred-weight of cordage, valued at

$400,000, making a million and one hundred thousand dollars for these two articles. The manufacture of cotton increases rapidly here; and the quantity consumed in the country, on the average of the years 1811, 1812, and 1813, exceeds twenty millions of pounds weight.

The manufactures of wood are household furniture, carriages of every kind, and ship-building, and pot and pearl ashes. The manufactures of leather are boots, shoes, harness, and saddles. Soap and tallow candles are manufactured both in establishments and in families. Cotton, wool, and flax, are manufactured both in establishments and in families. Iron abounds in the United States: fifty thousand tons of bar iron are consumed annually, of which forty thousand are manufactured at home, and ten thousand imported. Sheet, slit, and hoop iron, are almost wholly of home manufacture; as are cut nails, three hundred tons of which are annually exported. Cutlery, and the finer specimens of hardware and steel work, are still imported from Britain. Of the copper and brass manufactured, the zinc is chiefly, and the copper wholly, imported. Of the tin ware, the sheets are all imported. Lead is made into shot; and colours of lead, red and white lead, are imported to a large amount. Plated ware is made in large quantities in Philadelphia, New-York, Boston, Baltimore, and Charleston. The manufacture of gunpowder nearly supplies the home market, as do coarse earthen ware, window glass, glass bottles, and decanters. About a million bushels of salt are manufactured annually, and three times that quantity imported. White crockery ware is said to be made in Philadelphia of as good quality as as any in England.

Saltpetre is manufactured largely in Virginia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, East and West Tennessee. Sugar from the maple tree is produced in Ohio, Kentucky, Vermont, and East Tennessee, to the amount of nearly ten millions of pounds weight annually. West Tennessee and Vermont afford abundance of good copperas. Twenty-five millions of gallons of ardent spirits are an

nually distilled, and annually consumed in the United States. Four hundred water and horse-mills, working one hundred and twenty thousand spindles, are employed in spinning cotton. The fulling-mills amount to two thousand; and the number of looms exceeds four hundred thousand; and the number of yards of cloth, manufactured from wool, cotton, and flax, is about one hundred millions. There are three hundred gunpowder-mills; six hundred furnaces, forges, and bloomeries, and two hundred paper-mills.

In the state of Vermont the chief manufactures are of iron, lead, pipe-clay, marble, distilleries, maplesugar, flour, and wool. In Massachusetts, the principal manufactures are duck, cotton, woollen, cutnails (by a machine invented in Newburyport, and capable of cutting two hundred thousand in a-day), paper, cotton and wool cards, playing cards, shoes, silk and thread lace, wire, snuff, oil, chocolate and powder-mills, iron-works, and slitting-mills, and mills for sawing lumber, grinding grain, and fulling cloth, distilleries, and glass. In Rhode-Island are manufactured cotton, linen, and tow cloth, iron, rum, spirits, paper, wool and cotton cards, spermaceti, sugar, machines for cutting screws, and furnaces for casting hollow-ware. In Connecticut are manufactured silk, wool, card-teeth (bent and cut by a machine to the number of eighty-six thousand in an hour), buttons, linen, cotton, glass, snuff, powder, iron, paper, oil, and very superior fire-arms. In New-York are ma nufactured wheel carriages of all kinds, the common manufactures, refined sugar, potter's ware, umbrellas, musical instruments, glass, iron, and steam-boats. In New-Jersey are numerous tanneries, leather manufactories, iron-works, powder-mills, cotton, paper, copper-mines, lead mines, stone and slate quarries. In Pennsylvania there are valuable colleries on the Lehigh river, distilleries, rope-walks, sugar-houses, hair-powder manufactories, iron founderies, shot manufactories, steam-engines, mill machinery, the pneumatic cock for tapping air-tight casks, hydrostatic blow-pipe, type

MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS.

63

founderies, improvements in printing, and a carpet manufactory. In Delaware there are cotton and bolting-cloth and powder manufactories, fulling, snuff, slitting, paper, grain, and saw-mills. In Maryland are iron-works, collieries, grist-mills, glass-works, stills, paper-mills, and cotton. In Virginia there are lead-mines, which yield abundantly, iron mines, copper mines, vast collieries, and marble quarries. In Kentucky are manufactured cotton, wire, paper, and oil. In Ohio shipbuilding is carried to a great extent; indeed, in this branch of manufactures the Americans generally surpass the mechanics of all other countries. In North Carolina the pitch-pine affords excellent pitch, tar, turpentine, and lumber; there are also iron-works, and a gold mine, which has furnished the mint of the United States with a considerable quantity of virgin gold. In South Carolina there are gold, silver, lead, black-lead, copper and iron mines, as also pellucid stones of dif ferent hues, coarse cornelian, variegated marble, nitrous stone and sand, red and yellow ochres, potter's clay, fuller's earth, and a number of die-stuffs, chalk, crude alum, sulphur, nitre, and vitriol. In Georgia the ma nufactures are indigo, silk, and sago. In Louisiana are manufactured cotton, wool, cordage, shot, and hairpowder.

Of the many places in the Union well adapted for manufacturing establishments, it is sufficient, at present, to notice the few following:-The town of Patterson, in the State of New Jersey, is, perhaps, as excellently situated for this purpose as any spot in the world. The falls of the Passaic river afford every convenience that water can give to put in motion machinery to any extent. In 1791, a Manufacturing Company was incorporated by the New-Jersey Legislature, with great privileges. A subscription for the encouragement of every kind of manufacture was opened, under the patronage of the Secretary of State; five hundred thousand dollars were subscribed, and works erected at the falls of the Passaic. During the late war, the Patterson manufactures flourished, and were rendered profitable to the

proprietors by their monopoly price. Since the peace they have declined considerably; but there still remain some valuable cotton and paper manufactories; and so admirable is the situation of the place, that manufactures cannot fail to flourish there as fast and as abundantly as the wants and inclination, and interest of the United States demand. The manufacture of sugar, from the cane, thrives well; and is increasing rapidly in Louisiana and Georgia.

There is no part of the world, probably, where, in proportion to its population, a greater number of ingenious mechanics may be found than in the city of Philadelphia, and its immediate neighbourhood; or where, in proportion to the capital employed, manufactures thrive better; and certainly, more manufacturing capital is put in motion in that than in any other city of the Union. The town of Wilmington, and its vicinity, in the State of Delaware, are, for their size, the greatest seats of manufactures in the United States; and are capable of much improvement, the country being hilly, and abounding with running water. The Brandywine river might, at a comparatively small expense, be carried to the top of the hill on which Wilmington is situated, and make a fall sufficient to supply fifty mills, in addition to those already built. The town of Pittsburgh, in the State of Pennsylvania, situated beyond the Alleghany hills, on the confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, where their junction forms the Ohio, promises, in the course of a few years, to become the Birmingham of America. It has coal in all abundance, and of a very superior quality; its price is not quite three-pence sterling a bushel. It is supposed that the whole tract of country between the Laurel Mountain, Mississippi, and Ohio, yields coal. Pittsburgh, in addition to various other manufactures, is said to make glass bottles, tumblers, and decanters, of equal quality to any that are imported from Europe. It has an inland navigation, interrupted only by the falls at Louisville, of two thousand four hundred miles down the Ohio and Mississippi to New-Orleans, and an inex