The first division of the city magistrates' courts includes all such courts in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. During the eight years from 1901 to 1908, inclusive, there came before these courts 26,431 criminal cases in which the defendant was of Greek birth."

Excluding the 199 cases in which the offense was insufficiently defined, a classification of the crimes results as follows:

TABLE 16.-Distribution of crimes of Greeks, Manhattan and the Bronx, city magistrates' courts, 1901 to 1998.

The large proportion of offenses against public policy is striking. It has been shown that offenses against public policy composed only 86.7 per cent of the total specific crimes recorded by the city magistrates' courts of all five boroughs of Greater New York, and that the largest proportion of such offenses found among the crimes of any nationality was 91.3 per cent. The foregoing table, however, shows that of all the offenses of Greeks recorded by the city magistrates' courts of Manhattan and the Bronx such offenses constituted 98.1 per

While the criminality of the Greeks in Manhattan and the Bronx can not properly be compared with that of the nationalities whose crimes in all boroughs of Greater New York are analyzed in the preceding pages, the high proportion of Greek offenses against public policy shown by the above figures is none the less notable. Inquiry into the parts played in Greek criminality by various specific offenses brings out the fact that 96.3 per cent of the 26,322 cases shown above consist of only three sorts of crime, namely:

No other offense constitutes as much as 1 per cent of the total criminality.

The most striking thing shown by these figures is that 86 per cent of Greek crimes consisted of violations of corporation ordinances, principally peddling without license. This becomes more remarkable when reference is made to the proportion which violations of corpora

Only those cases in which the defendant was committed to a penal institution or held for further trial are included.

tion ordinances form of the total crimes of each nationality recorded in the courts of all boroughs of the city. This shows the largest proportion to be 39.6 per cent (that of the Italians).

NEW YORK CITY COURT OF GENERAL SESSIONS, OCTOBER 1, 1908, TO JUNE 30, 1909.

In order to obtain some statistics of crime which would clearly show the race of offenders, arrangements were made for the attendance at the New York court of general sessions of an agent of the Commission, whose business it was to learn the race of each person convicted, as well as his nativity. Race was thus made a part of the record of each case in which conviction was secured. For a period of nine months-from October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909-this work was carried on.

The distribution of the several classes of crime among the 2,206 cases in regard to which adequate data were obtained, is shown by general nativity and race of offender in the following table:

TABLE 17.-Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general sessions, Oct. 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909.

TABLE 17.-Distribution of classes of crime: New York court of general sessions, Oct. 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909-Continued.

It appears from these figures that each class of crime forms a larger proportion of the total crimes of some immigrant race than of those of native white persons of native parentage.

Convictions for the gainful offenses occur in larger proportion in two of the immigrant groups than in the native white group of native father. These two immigrant races are the Hebrew and the English. Of the crimes of the former the gainful offenses compose 85 per cent; of those of the latter 84.6 per cent. Of the crimes of native whites of native father they compose 79.7 per cent. There are, however, two other groups of persons having larger proportions than the American whites of native father. These are Americanborn persons of Hebrew and German parentage. In each of these groups the proportion of convictions of gainful offenses is not only greater than in the native white group of native parentage, but greater than in any race group of immigrants. The largest proportion found in any group occurs in that consisting of American-born persons of Hebrew parentage, in which the per cent is 89.6, or almost nine-tenths of the total number of crimes of that group. The second proportion in rank is that of the American-born of German parentage, or 85.7 per cent.

Further than this, it is striking that each group of American-born persons of immigrant parentage except the English exceeds the corresponding race group of immigrants in proportion of convictions of gainful offenses.

Of the several groups shown in the foregoing table only one has less than half its crimes consisting of gainful offenses. The Italian immigrant group is this exception; its proportion of these offenses is 43.8 per cent.

The Italian proportion of offenses of personal violence, however, is greater than that of any other group, 37.4 per cent of all convictions of Italians being of this class. The proportion of the Irish immigrant group is second in rank, or 29.1 per cent. The third is that of the German immigrant group, or 10.4 per cent. In addition to these three groups, the American-born of English, Irish, and Italian parentage exceed the American-born whites of native parentage in proportion of offenses of personal violence. Each of these three American-born groups of foreign parentage, however, is exceeded in proportion by the Irish and Italian immigrant groups. The nativeborn negro of native parentage, with a proportion of 23.9 per cent, exceeds all other groups of American birth and the English, German, and Hebrew foreign groups. The smallest proportion is that of the foreign-born English, which is 2.6 per cent.

In comparing immigrant and native groups with respect to offenses of personal violence it is of interest to note that each immigrant race except the English has a larger proportion than the American-born group of corresponding parentage. It is also striking that the largest proportion found in the foreign-born groups is that of the Italians, and the largest proportion occurring in the native-born groups is that of the children of Italians.

Offenses against public policy play a larger part in the criminality of only two of the five immigrant groups (the German and Italian) than in that of native whites of native parentage. Of the five American-born groups of immigrant parentage the Italian is the only one having a larger proportion than the native whites born of native father. The largest proportion is that of the foreign-born Italians, which is 17 per cent, while the second in rank belongs to the American-born of Italian parentage, being 9.8 per cent. The percentage of the foreign-born Germans (9.6) is third in rank, and that of the native-born of native father, which is 8.9, is fourth. The negroes native-born of native father are exceeded in percentage of offenses against public policy by six groups-the whites native-born of native father, the native-born of English, Irish, or Italian father, and the foreign-born German and Italians. The foreign-born Irish have the smallest proportion found in any group, 3.5 per cent, although that of the American-born of German parentage is only slightly greater, being 3.6 per cent.

Only 14 convictions of offenses against chastity appear in these records. This number is too small to admit of an analysis of much value and may well be disregarded.

The relative frequency of the several gainful offenses among the various groups is shown in the table following.

TABLE 18.-Relative frequency of gainful offenses: New York court of general sessions, Oct. 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909.

Offenders born of native father are exceeded in percentage of each of the gainful offenses by one or more rate groups of immigrant offenders. Moreover, each of the five groups of offenders American-born of immigrant parentage exceeds the group of whites native-born of native father in percentage of convictions of burglary, one of them in percentage of convictions of forgery and fraud, and three in percentage of convictions of larceny and receiving stolen goods.

Each of the offenses of personal violence, like those of gain, caused a larger proportion of the convictions of some immigrant group of offenders than of the native-born of native father. Each of these offenses also occurred with greater relative frequency among those of several groups of American-born persons of immigrant parentage than among those of the whites native-born of native father. Of the several groups of offenders shown in the table, the immigrant Italian is differentiated from the others by the prominence of assault and homicide among its crimes, having larger percentages of convictions of these offenses than any other group of offenders.

TABLE 19.-Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: New York court of general sessions, Oct. 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909.