sanitary manner, and it shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with the city health officer or his duly authorized agent or agents in the performance of this duty.

SEC. 14. That any person or persons, firm, or corporation, or the agent of any such person or persons, firm, or corporation, who neglects, fails, or refuses to comply with any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and when convicted shall be fined in the sum of not less than $10 nor more than $100, and each time such person or persons, firm, or corporation, or the agent of any such person or persons, firm, or corporation neglects, fails, or refuses to comply with any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed a separate offense and punished as herein provided.

LOUISVILLE, KY.

Privies and Cesspools-Permits Required-Construction of Privies-Removal, Transportation, and Disposal of Human Excreta. (Ord. Oct. 6, 1917.) SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any person to dig or use, or cause to be dug or used, any privy vault or cesspool, or connect any plumbing with a cesspool, or build or cause to be built any privy house within the limits of the city of Louisville, except upon the written permission of the health department. All applications for such permits must be accompanied by a certificate from the city engineer to the effect that said premises do not abut upon a public sewer.

SEC. 2. When the premises do not abut upon a public sewer, and pending the establishment of such a sewer, the owner, agent, or occupant of the premises may, after securing the necessary permit, construct a sanitary privy, which, prior to installation, must receive the approval of the health department as to suitability, construction, and sanitary efficiency.

SEC. 3. A sanitary privy shall be one in which the human excrement is deposited in a mosquito and fly-proof receptacle kept in proper condition at all times, and from the 1st of April until the 1st of October shall be well sprinkled with lime at least twice each month.

SEC. 4. Excrement removed from sanitary privies shall be emptied only into the public sewers and in accordance with the requirements of the health department.

SEC. 5. It shall be unlawful for anyone other than a person or persons who have received a permit from the health department to empty or remove any portion of the contents of any privy vault, cesspool, or other contrivance for the collection of human excrement or transport the contents of any privy, cesspool, or other contrivance through the streets, highways, alleys, or other places in the city of Louisville.

SEC. 6. Any person or persons violating or assisting in the violation of any part or parts of this ordinance shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than $10 or more than $50, and each day's continuance of the violation shall constitute a separate offense.

Privies and Cesspools-Prohibited When Sewer Connections Can Be Made. (Ord. Oct. 6, 1917.)

SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any person to maintain a privy vault, cesspool, or similar contrivance for the reception of human excreta when the premises abut a public sewer.

SEC. 2. Any person or persons violating or assisting in the violation of this ordinance shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than $10 or more than $50.

RALEIGH, N. C.

Privies-Prohibited When Sewer Connections Can Be Made-Location, Construction, Maintenance, and Cleaning. (Ord. Mar. 11, 1919.)

SECTION 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to deposit or throw upon the ground, or bury, within the city of Raleigh, any human excreta, solid or liquid, or to otherwise dispose of such substances in any manner other than into a properly sewered water-closet, or a privy constructed in accordance with the provisions of this ordinance.

SEC. 2. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation owning or having an estate in any real property within the city of Raleigh to maintain or allow to be maintained upon his premises any surface closet or privy for the reception of human excreta, where said premises are contiguous to, or within 150 feet of, any street, alleyway, or other public thoroughfare through or under which runs a sewer and water line of said city.

SEC. 3. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to construct, maintain, or permit to be constructed or maintained on any premises within the city of Raleigh where connection with a sewer line can not be had as hereinbefore provided, any surface closet or privy, unless the same be constructed and maintained strictly in accordance with the following plans and specifications, to wit:

Every surface closet or privy shall be built, rebuilt, or constructed so that it shall have not less than two metal receptacles for the catchment of excreta, which receptacles shall rest within a wooden, metal, or concrete box provided with a hinged lid having a seat hole for each receptacle, and with adequate ventilation, and so constructed as to prevent excreta disposed of therein from falling upon the ground or being accessible to flies, fowls, and small animals; and said receptacles and box shall comply in every detail with the following specifications:

The receptacles for the catchment of excreta shall be constructed of 24 gauge sheet steel, galvanized, with side drop handles and countersunk bottoms, 14 inches in diameter by 14 inches high. They shall be strictly watertight.

Where a wooden box is used, it shall be constructed of sound, well-seasoned lumber, free from knot holes and cracks, not less than 1 inch thick, and dressed at least on one side. It shall be accurately made and well nailed, and all joints shall be made tight. The inside dimensions of the box shall be not less than 22 inches wide by 40 inches long and 17 inches high. It shall be provided with a closely fitting lid which shall form the seat of the privy, which shall project over the outside surfaces of the front and sides of the box 1 inch, and which shall have nailed to its underside four wooden strips of about 1 inch square material which shall project into the inside of the box or around the outer edge of the box so as to prevent the lid from slipping on the box and in order to make fly-tight joints. This lid shall have seat holes approximately 7 inches wide and 10 inches long and elliptical in shape, the front edges of which shall be, when the lid is in place, not less than 1 inches from the inside surface of the front of the box. It shall be hinged so as to lift up to the rear when the cans are removed. Each hole in the lid shall be provided with a hinged cover, so constructed that this cover will fall automatically and remain closed when the seat is not in use. The cover shall be of dimensions sufficient to make it overlap the hole in all directions by at least 3 inches; it shall be cleated so as to prevent warping, and shall be provided with two metal hinges securely fastened 35495°-21-10

with screws.

The box shall be ventilated in the following manner: There shall be a series of holes 1 inch in diameter, or an opening 1 inch in width, across the front of the box 3 inches from the floor. There shall also be a hole 4 inches in diameter located in the top of the box or in the center of the rear wall of the box near the top, to which there shall be attached with a tight joint a flue constructed of approximately three-fourths-inch sound well-seasoned lumber, or of a good grade of galvanized iron, of not less than 4 inches inside diameter, extending from the hole in the top or rear of the box to a point at least 1 foot above highest point of the roof of the privy building. This flue must be protected with a cap and be securely supported. All ventilating holes must be covered on the inside with a good grade of copper-wire screen of not less 14 meshes to the inch, secured to the inside of the box with strips of wood. Blocks of wood not less than 2 inches in thickness shall be nailed to the floor of the box in such manner as to hold the cans directly under the seat holes. Blocks of wood shall also be nailed to the wall of the privy building or the box in such manner as to prevent the seat covers from remaining raised when not in use.

Where a concrete box is used, it shall be accurately made according to the dimensions specified for the wooden box and shall be free from cracks or holes. It shall be provided with a tight-fitting lid and facilities for ventilation, constructed in the same manner as specified in the preceding paragraph.

Where the metal box is used, it shall be accurately made according to the dimensions specified for the wooden box, of heavy galvanized iron or steel, free of cracks or holes, and all joints shall be made tight. It shall be provided with a tight-fitting metal or wooden lid and facilities for ventilation, constructed in the same manner as specified for the wooden box: Provided, That a cylindrical metal box 17 inches high and not less than 21 inches in diameter, inside measurements, may be used for each receptacle, said box to be provided with a tightfitting lid and facilities for ventilation, constructed in accordance with the specifications of the wooden box.

SEC. 4. That every privy or surface closet within the city of Raleigh shall be so located as to be easily accessible to the scavenger, and a convenient rear entrance or gateway to the premises, where practicable, shall be provided where the privy is fenced in, if said premises are contiguous to an alleyway.

SEC. 5. That it shall be the duty of the owner of any premises within the city of Raleigh, within 15 days from the service of a notice upon him, to construct and maintain upon such premises a water-closet properly connected to a city sewer as hereinbefore provided, or, if such connection can not be had, a sanitary privy or surface closet in strict accordance with this ordinance.

SEC. 6. The cost of the construction of every sanitary privy shall be borne by the owner of the premises. All cans for the reception of excreta shall be uniform in size and construction and shall be furnished to the property owner by the city of Raleigh at actual cost.

SEC. 7. No can shall be allowed by the owner to overflow. In the event that any privy constructed under the provisions of this ordinance shall prove inadequate for the taking care of excreta deposited therein for two weeks, it shall be the duty of the owner of the premises, upon 10 days' notice, to make the necessary additions to said privy to make it adequate, said additions to be made in strict accordance with the provisions of this ordinance.

SEC. 8. It shall be the duty of the city of Raleigh to remove the excreta from said privies not less than once in every two weeks.

SEC. 9. It shall be unlawful to use the receptacles in said privy for any other purpose than the reception of human excreta, and it shall be unlawful for any person other than the scavenger to disturb the receptacles or their contents.

SEC. 10. All privies within the city of Raleigh shall be kept in a cleanly condition and so used by the occupant of the premises that all excreta deposited therein will fall into the receptacles provided. In the event that it becomes necessary, to prevent an excess of odor, to use a deodorant, no lime, chlorinated lime, or other substance which will corrode metal shall be used.

SEC. 11. Any person, firm, or corporation violating the provisions of this ordinance shall be subject to a penalty of $200.

WAKE COUNTY, N. C.

Human Excreta-Sanitary Disposal. (Reg. Bd. of H., Mar. 19, 1919.)

SECTION 1. All privies, water-closets, septic tanks, cesspools, sewers, or other places within Wake County used for the disposal of human excreta not constructed and maintained in accordance with the provisions of these regulations shall be, and hereby are, declared a nuisance dangerous to the public health of the inhabitants of said county, and shall be condemned and forthwith abated in accordance with law.

SEC. 2. Every person, firm, corporation, association, or organization owner of, or having an estate in, any dwelling, factory, plant, building, structure, or improvement within Wake County, completed or in the process of construction, where human beings live, work, or congregate shall provide such premises with a sanitary means for the disposal of human excreta, in accordance with the provisions of these regulations.

SEC. 3. No person, firm, or corporation shall throw or deposit upon the ground or otherwise dispose of any human excreta in any place within Wake County other than in a sanitary water-closet or sanitary privy constructed in accordance with these regulations, except as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 4. No person, firm, corporation, association, or organization owner of, or having an estate in, leasing or renting any property within Wake County, or the agent of any such, shall permit the disposal of any human excreta on any property owned, leased, or rented by said person, firm, corporation, association, or organization in any place other than in a sanitary water-closet or sanitary privy constructed in accordance with these regulations, except as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 5. The term sanitary water-closet as used in these regulations shall be construed to mean any flush toilet which is properly connected to a sanitary sewer or sanitary septic tank the construction of which is approved by the Wake County Board of Health.

SEC. 6. The term sanitary septic tank as used in these regulations shall be construed to mean an underground tank or receptacle the walls and bottom of which are constructed of concrete or other impervious material, and of such size and arrangement that sewage discharged therein will be subjected to storage not less than 6 hours nor more than 12, and the effluent therefrom treated by subsurface filtration or disinfection, and the construction of which is approved by the Wake County Board of Health.

SEC. 7. The term sanitary sewer as used in these regulations shall be construed to mean an underground water-tight drainage system provided for the catchment and carrying away of humar excreta and other wastes, and the construction of which is approved by the Wake County Board of Health.

SEC. 8. The term sanitary privy as used in these regulations shall be construed to mean a privy which is built, rebuilt, or constructed so as to conform to

one of the following types, and the construction of which is approved by the Wake County Board of Health:

(a) Can type.

(b) Concrete vault.

(c) Septic tank, L. R. S.

(d) Chemical type.

(e) Pit type.

SEC. 9. No privy, water-closet, septic tank, or sewer shall be constructed within Wake County unless the construction and location of said privy, watercloset, septic tank, or sewer shall be approved by the Wake County Board of Health and unless a written permit be secured from said board.

SEC. 10. Every person, firm, corporation, association, or organization owner of, or having an estate in, any privy, water-closet, septic tank, or sewer shall maintain at all times the sanitary condition and construction of said privy, water-closet, septic tank, or sewer in such manner as to comply with the requirements of these regulations.

SEC. 11. The occupant of any property on which any privy, water-closet, or septic tank is situated shall so use said privy, water-closet, or septic tank that all excreta deposited therein shall fall into the receptacle provided and be protected at all times from invasion by flies.

SEC. 12. No privy shall be used for the reception of any wash water, garbage, or any refuse matter other than human excreta, paper, and disinfectant.

SEC. 13. When the contents of any earthen pit or vault used for the disposal of human excreta shall have reached within 18 inches of the top, the privy shall be moved to another location and the old pit or vault covered carefully and securely with earth.

SEC. 14. Vaults or receptacles for human excreta required to be cleaned shall be emptied whenever filled and the contents disposed of by removal to a safe location and by incineration, or burial in the soil, in such manner as to prevent the exposure of said excreta to flies and the contamination of water supplies.

SEC. 15. All regulations or ordinances, or parts of regulations or ordinances, heretofore passed by the board of health of Wake County, or any city or town within said county, in conflict with these regulations, are hereby repealed.

YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO.

Septic, Biological, and Sewage Treatment Tanks-Installation. (Res. Bd. of H., Sept. 5, 1917.)

SECTION 1. (a) Permission to construct.-Septic, biological, or sewage treatment tanks must be constructed and used where no public sewerage system is available or likely to become available within a reasonable time. Plans must be filed with the plumbing inspector, showing location of tanks and outlet connections with a description of the kind of soil at the outlet, and if these meet with the requirements of the ordinance permission will be granted the contractor to construct same upon payment of $1 for inspection fee; the work to be left open until the inspector has been notified and the tank and connections inspected and approved.

(b) Materials and capacity.-All tanks of this kind to receive domestic sewage shall be constructed of materials impervious to moisture, and shall have a capacity of at least 4 cubic feet per capita tributary to the tank. Where unusually large volumes of laundry or other clear water are tributary to the tank, the capacity should be based on 1 cubic foot of space to every 20