quired to cross the private property of any other person to make such connections. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall fail and refuse to make such water and sewer connections within 15 days after such notification shall be fined the sum of $1 for each and every day he so fails and refuses thereafter; and every day he so fails and refuses shall constitute a separate offense and shall subject the owner of such house to like penalty.

SEC. 2. No surface closets or surface urinals shall be allowed within the fire district.

SEC. 3. It shall be unlawful for the owner of any lot or premises within the city limits to use or maintain, or allow the use or maintenance on said lot by any other person, of a surface privy, closet, or urinal unless a license therefor shall have first been granted by the sanitary police. And the owner of any lot or premises on which is located a house in connection with which a surface privy is used shall pay the license tax hereinafter provided. Such license shall be issued to a person named, and for a specified lot, giving street and number, and shall date from the 15th day of June and run for a period of 12 months: Provided, If the owner of such license shall sell any lot for which license has been granted during the continuance of said license he shall, at his option, have the right to have such license transferred to the purchaser of such lot. A tax of $3 for each house in connection with which a surface closet is used or maintained shall be paid to the sanitary police upon the issuance of such license, and the proceeds of said license tax shall go into the city treasury.

No person shall remove any excremental deposits from any lot or privy within the corporate limits through the streets of the city except under the direction and authority of the sanitary police.

The holders of licenses under this ordinance are hereby relieved from all responsibility concerning the removal of all excremental deposits from such surface privies, but shall be responsible for the cleanliness of said privies, and it shall be the duty of the sanitary police to see that all surface privies within the city limits are so regularly and properly cleaned, but excremental deposits shall be removed therefrom at proper intervals of time by the city and without cost or expense to the holders of such licenses.

The sanitary police shall provide suitable wagons and barrels for the purposes herein required, and shall employ such labor as is necessary to operate the same. Any member of the force so employed is hereby given authority to enter upon any lot within the limits of the city between the hours of 5 a. m. and 7 p. m. for the purpose of cleansing said privies and removing the excremental deposits therefrom.

Any person violating any of the provisions of this ordinance, or failing to comply with any provision thereof, or who shall in any manner hinder, obstruct, or delay any officer or agent of the city in the discharge of his duties herein required, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, be fined not more than $50 or imprisoned not exceeding 30 days.

SEC. 4. The health officer shall have full power and authority to require the owner, lessee, or agent of any improved real estate in the city or county of Durham (the term improved real estate shall be construed to mean all lots or parcels of land which have or may hereafter have erected thereon any dwelling house, storehouse, workshop, factory, schoolhouse, college, place of amusement, livery stable, hotel, railway station, wood and coal yards, and manufacturing establishments of every kind) to provide sanitary privy or water-closet accommodations upon such improved premises whenever in his judgment such improvements are necessary to the health of the occupants, or to protect the sanitary interests of the neighboring citizens. All top privies shall be built and located in such a manner that no person using them would be exposed to public

view. After 10 days' notice served upon the owner, lessee, or agent in charge of any such property by the sanitary police to make and provide such accommodations aforesaid, if such owner, lessee, or agent in charge shall fail to have the same made and provided he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall pay a fine of $10.

SEC. 5. No privy shall be built or maintained within the corporate limits of Durham until a permit has been issued by the board of health. Each privy built shall conform to the following specifications: It shall be at least 30 feet from any public street and as far from other residences or kitchens as it is from the residence or kitchen of the person or persons using it. It shall not be allowed across or connected with any street gutter, drain, or branch leading into any of the street gutters or across any lot or street within the city or within 15 feet of such gutter, drain, or branch. It shall be as far from any well as twice the depth of said well, and at least 7 feet from any fence or other obstruction. Whenever conditions are such that these specifications can not be conformed to, the location of privy shall be decided by the superintendent of health or sanitary police.

SEC. 6. It shall be unlawful for any property owner or his authorized agent to construct, maintain, or permit to exist on any property or properties under his control where sewer connection has not been made, a privy, unless the same be sanitary, or constructed as provided hereinbelow.

SEC. 7. A sanitary privy is one so built, rebuilt, or constructed that—

(a) The excreta deposited therein will not fall upon the ground, but into some water-tight receptacle, and

(b) The contents of said receptacle shall not be accessible to flies, fowls, and small animals at any time.

(c) The box part of said privy shall be constructed of sound lumber or concrete, all joints being made tight. Said box to be provided with a lid closely fitting, and the seat thereon to be covered with a self-falling hinged lid, so as to render said box fly proof.

(d) Proper ventilation of such box shall be provided by a horizontal series of holes of approximately 1 inch in diameter and 4 inches apart located in the front wall of the box 13 inches above the floor of the box; and by a single hole 4 inches squar located on top of the box, or at the center of the upper edge of the rear wall of the box, and connecting with a flue pipe of wood or iron having an inside diameter of at least 4 inches, said flue extending at least 1 foot over top of the privy house roof; flue pipe to be capped and securely supported. All ventilation holes to be covered with a good grade of copper wire screening of not less than 14 meshes to the inch, secured to the inside of the box by strips of wood.

(e) Such privies shall be so located as to be easily accessible to the scavenger for cleaning.

SEC. 8. The superintendent of health of the city and county of Durham shall prescribe by regulation proper sizes and methods of construction of such privies and such other details as will render this ordinance effective and its application uniform. All such privies must conform to such regulations.

SEC. 9. All sanitary privies in said city shall be kept in a cleanly condition at all times and so used that all excreta deposited therein will fall into the receptacle provided. Such receptacle shall be used only for the purpose of a toilet, and no waste water, garbage, or other refuse matter other than human excreta shall be deposited therein,

SEC. 10. No privy receptacle shall be permitted to become filled to overflowing. If emptying of privy receptacle becomes necessary oftener than once a

week, it shall be the duty of the occupant of the property to notify the city health officer and such privy shall be cleaned, and an additional charge of 10 cents will be made for each receptacle so emptied.

SEC. 11. All privies existing or maintained in said city after the date on which this ordinance takes effect which do not comply with the requirements of this ordinance or the regulations of the superintendent of health issued under this ordinance shall be, and are hereby, declared a nuisance, dangerous to the public health, and the city of Durham shall proceed to abate such nuisance in accordance with law or the ordinances of said board of health.

SEC. 12. The board of health shall have the further right to make, or cause to be made, such alterations or constructions to such privies as are nuisances as will render them sanitary, and the entire cost of such work shall be charged against the property owner maintaining the same. All such alterations or constructions are to be prescribed and approved by the city health officer.

SEC. 13. The health officer of the city of Durham, or a duly appointed inspector shall personally inspect all privies in the city of Durham as such inspection shall be deemed necessary by such health officer or inspector. The city health officer or any duly appointed inspector is hereby empowered to enter all premises in the discharge of this duty.

SEC. 14. It shall be unlawful for any person to fail or refuse to comply with the provisions of this ordinance, and upon such failure or refusal shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be fined as herein provided. SEC. 15. No person shall throw or deposit any human excrement within the city at any place other than a privy or water-closet. Any person who violates any of the provisions of this ordinance or the regulations issued by the health officer, or any person who in any way obstructs the city health officer or his duly authorized agents, or the scavenger in the proper discharge of the duties prescribed in this ordinance shall, upon conviction, be fined in the sum of not more than $50, and may be sentenced to hard labor for the city for a period of time not exceeding 30 days.

Human Excreta-Sanitary Disposal. (Reg. Bd. of H., Dec. 9, 1918.)

SECTION 1. Every residence and building within Durham County in which human beings reside, are employed, or congregate shall be required to have a sanitary method for the disposal of human excreta, namely, either a sanitary water-closet or a sanitary privy.

SEC. 2. No person shall dispose of in any sanitary water-closet or privy any material other than human excreta, paper, and disinfectant.

SEC. 3. All privies within Durham County not constructed and maintained in conformation with the provisions of these regulations shall be, and hereby are, declared a nuisance, dangerous to the public health of the inhabitants of said county, and shall be condemned and forthwith abated in accordance with law. SEC. 4. The term "sanitary water-closet" as used in these regulations shall be construed to mean any flush-type toilet which is properly connected to a septic tank or sewer system of approved construction.

SEC. 5. The term "sanitary privy" as used in these regulations shall be construed to mean a privy which is so built, rebuilt, or constructed as to prevent excreta deposited therein from falling upon the ground and to render such excreta inaccessible to flies, fowls, and small animals.

SEC. 6. No septic tank or privy shall be constructed within Durham County without a permit from the health officer and unless the construction and location of such septic tank or privy be approved by sanitary officer or health officer.

SEC. 7. Every septic tank or privy constructed as hereinbefore provided shall be maintained by the person or persons, firm, or corporation occupying the property upon which such septic tank or privy exists, in such manner as to prevent excreta from falling upon the ground [and as] to render such excreta inaccessible to flies, fowls, and small animals.

SEC. 8. Every earthen pit or vault for the disposal of excreta shall be covered carefully and securely with earth when the contents have reached within 18 inches of the top, and the privy shall be moved to another location; vaults or receptacles required to be cleaned shall be emptied whenever filled and the contents shall be disposed of by removal to a remote and safe location and by incineration or burial in such manner as to prevent exposure of the excreta to flies, fowls, and small animals, and the contamination of water supplies.

FORT WORTH, TEX.

Privies Location, Construction, Maintenance, and Cleaning. (Ord. 619, May 7, 1918.)

SECTION 1. That every residence and building in the city of Fort Worth in which human beings reside, are employed, or congregate shall have a sanitary means for the disposal of human excreta, namely, either a sanitary watercloset or a sanitary privy.

SEC. 2. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to own, maintain, or operate in the city of Fort Worth any privy or dry closet, for the reception of human excreta, unless said closet is built, rebuilt, or constructed as provided in section 5 of this ordinance.

SEC. 3. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to deposit or to permit the deposit of any human excreta in any place in the city of Fort Worth in an insanitary manner, so as to cause potentially dangerous pollution of the soil with such matter, or to permit the spread of such matter by flies or other insects.

SEC. 4. That all buildings or other places in the city of Fort Worth, where human beings live, are employed, or congregate shall be provided with adequate sanitary toilets for the catchment or receiving of all human discharges, and for the sanitary storage and ultimate disposal of such matter.

SEC. 5. That the term "sanitary privy as used in this ordinance shall be construed to mean a privy equipped with a privy box, which privy box shall conform to the following specifications:

(a) The privy box shall be made of durable seasoned lumber and shall be fly-tight.

(b) The privy box shall be of either one-can or two-can type. The two-can type shall be installed in all privies used by more than five persons.

(c) The two-can privy box shall be 40 inches long, 22 inches front to back, and 17 inches high (all inside measurements). The two-can type shall be provided with two seat holes.

(d) The seat holes shall be 11 inches long, 7 inches wide, the front of which shall be 3 inches from the front of the box. Each seat hole shall be completely covered with a self-falling lid, braced so as to prevent warping.

(e) The one-can privy box shall be 24 inches long, have one seat hole, and otherwise be similar to the two-can box.

(f) For each seat hole of every privy box a water-tight receptacle shall be provided. Such receptacle shall be of 24-gauge galvanized iron, be 15 inches in diameter and 14 to 15 inches in height, and shall be cylindrical in shape with straight sides and be provided with two suitable drop handles.

(g) The top of the privy box shall be hinged with metal hinges so as to allow for the removal of the receptacles, and so as to fit flat on the top of the box at all other times.

(h) The privy box shall be ventilated:

(1) By an opening 1 inch in width extending the full length of the front of the box, near the floor.

(2) By an opening 5 inches square in the top of the back wall of the box. (3) By a flue 7 feet long and 4 inches square (inside measure) extending from the back opening to a point above the roof of the privy building. The top of the flue shall be covered so as to prevent the entrance of rain, but so as to allow the free egress of air. Both the openings for ventilation shall be covered with galvanized iron or copper screen wire securely tacked by strips to the inside of the box.

SEC. 6. That the cost of providing and of installing the privy box and receptacles shall be borne by the owner of the premises, but the extra cans and covers needed for use in operating the scavenger service and for replacing the damaged cans in the privies, shall be provided by the city.

SEC. 7. That the city authorities shall provide for the operation of an adequate scavenger service to secure a sanitary collection, removal, and disposal of the contents of all privy receptacles at least once each week. For the operation of such scavenger service the following charges shall be made: For cleaning each privy, $1.50 per quarter in advance: Provided, That all privies containing more than one receptacle, a charge of $0.25 shall be made for each additional receptacle, payable quarterly in advance. The charges set out in this section shall be paid by the owner of the premises to the city garbage officer.

SEC. 8. That all sanitary privies in said city shall be kept in a cleanly condition at all times and so used that all excreta deposited therein shall fall into the receptacles provided, and be protected from invasion by flies. Such receptacle shall be used only for the purposes of a toilet, and no wash water, garbage, nor any other refuse other than human excreta shall be deposited therein.

SEC. 9. That no privy receptacle shall be allowed to become filled or overflowing. If scavenging of privy receptacle becomes necessary oftener than herein provided, it shall be the duty of the occupant of the property to notify the city garbage office, and such privy shall be scavenged and an additional charge of 25 cents shall be made for each receptacle so removed.

SEC. 10. That all sanitary privies shall be so located as to be easily accessible for cleaning, and all persons duly authorized by the city commissioners to engage in such scavenger work are hereby empowered to enter all privies and premises in the discharge of their duty.

SEC. 11. That all privies in the city of Fort Worth which do not conform to the provisions of this ordinance, or the regulations of the city health officer issued under this ordinance, shall be and hereby are declared a nuisance, dangerous to the public health, and the city of Fort Worth shall proceed to abate such nuisance in accordance with law and the ordinances of the city.

SEC. 12. That the city shall have the further right to make or to cause to be made such alterations or construction of such privies as are nuisances as will render them sanitary, and the entire cost of such work shall be charged against the person creating or maintaining the nuisance. All alterations or constructions are to be prescribed and approved by the city health officer or his duly authorized agent.

SEC. 13. That systematic sanitary inspection of all privies in the city shall be maintained to determine that the privies are used, kept, and scavenged in a