To pass the licentiate examination in economics the student must make at least the mark "approved with praise" in one subject and write a dissertation approved by the Faculty Council on some phase of the same subject.

The doctorate in economics (ekonomie doktorsgrad).-One who has passed the examination for licentiate in economics may attain the degree of doctor in economics through the writing and public defense of a thesis on some phase of his studies in preparation for the licentiate examination. The dissertation may be written in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, English, French, or German and shall be defended in Swedish. The Faculty Council may grant permission for the defense to be conducted in some other language, as well as for the dissertation to be published in a language other than those indicated.

ROYAL CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC

(Kungl. Musikhögskolan)

The Royal Conservatory of Music (literally "Royal High School of Music"-Kungl. Musikhögskolan) was founded in 1771 as an Academy of Music. In 1856 its school of instruction became independent and was

designated 10 years later as the Royal Conservatory of Music. It received its present name, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, in 1940. The purpose of the school is to impart a musical education to its students and to examine those who wish to qualify themselves for church music, for positions as teachers of music at State or municipal schools, or as military music directors.

Admission.-For admission the applicant must have musical talent and sufficient instruction in vocal, instrumental, or theoretical music to participate to advantage in the line of instruction he plans to pursue. For admission to the classes for organists, choristers, and music teachers, the applicant must present a certificate of having passed the real examination, or the examination for elementary school teachers, or a leaving certificate from a municipal school for girls or from a private school with normal school competence.

Further, the applicant must not be less than 15 nor more than 25 years of age except for the class in opera which accepts applicants up to 27 years of age.

Examinations.-The examinations offered by the Royal Conservatory of Music, with the number of semesters of study for each examination, and the subjects of the examination are:

1. Examination for higher organist (högre organist examen). 6 semesters. Subjects: organ, piano, harmony, tuning and care of organ, liturgy, counterpoint, form, ear training, history of music, choir singing, liturgical singing.

2. Higher choristers examination (högre cantors examen). 6 semesters. Subjects: church singing, piano, harmony, liturgy and direction of choir, counterpoint, form, ear training, speech technique, reading, history of music, organ, choir singing, rhythm, and liturgical singing.

3. Music teachers examination (musiklärarexamen). 8 semesters. Subjects: singing, piano, violin, harmony, history of music, pedagogics, skill in teaching, direc tion of choir and orchestra, counterpoint, form, instrumentation, methods of school singing, ear training, speech technique, reading, cello, practice teaching, accompaniment, ensemble playing, choir singing solfege and rhythm, orchestra. 4. Examination for military music directors (militär musikdirektörsexamen). 8 semesters. Subjects: a woodwind instrument, a brass instrument, violin or cello, piano, harmony, instrumentation for military orchestra, direction of orchestra, ear training, history of music, ensemble and orchestra playing.

5. Examination for piano tuners (pianostämmarexamen). 4 semesters. Subject: piano tuning.

The title of director of music (musikdirektör) may be used by one who has passed the higher organist examination, the higher chorister examination, the examination for music teachers, or the examination for military music directors.

The school also offers a number of non-examination special courses in organ, solo singing, various instruments, such as violin, directing, and

an opera course.

INSTITUTE OF ARTS

(Konsthögskolan)

General data.-The Institute of Arts at Stockholm was established in 1770 as a part of the Academy of Arts and attained its present name in 1908. The Institute is under the general supervision of the Academy of Arts and under the immediate direction of its own Director and Faculty Council.

The Institute comprises a School of Painting, a School of Sculpture, and a School of Architecture. Attached to the Institute are a School of Graphic Arts and an Institute for the Knowledge of Materials.

The academic year comprises a fall semester extending from October 7 (School of Architecture September 16) to December 20, and a spring semester from January 15 to June 1, including an Easter vacation of 1 week.

Admission.-Admission to the Schools of Painting and Sculpture is open to one who is at least 17 years of age, possesses sufficient general education to follow the instruction offered at the school, and who can:

1. Present samples of his own work in drawing, painting or sculpture indicating aptitude for the line of work he wishes to pursue.

2. Present drawings and certificates showing that he has completed a propaedeutic course in linear drawing and perspective.

3. Pass an entrance examination. In judging the entrance examination particular stress is placed on the applicant's artistic talent as shown by the examination and the samples of work presented.

The requirements for admission to the School of Architecture comprise a leaving certificate from the fourth year of the Department of Architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology of Stockholm, or at Chalmers Technical Institute, or of equivalent information; and at least 12 months of practical work in building or office work approved by the Faculty Council. The applicant should present in addition samples of his architectural and design drawings.

After acceptance as a student of the Institute and upon payment of the prescribed fees the student receives a diploma valid for the following years of study. At the beginning of each school year and upon payment of the fees for the year the diploma must be turned in to the Institute for signature by the Director and Secretary.

Schools of Painting and Sculpture (Målar- och Skulpturskolorna).—In the Schools of Painting and Sculpture the students have 3 hours of in

struction daily in the major subjects painting and sculpture, respectively. In addition the students of each school must participate also in the instruction indicated for each of the following subjects.

Drawing.—2 hours each school day.

Architecture.-2-year course. Lectures 2 hours a week, practical work 4 hours. The first year is devoted to general architectural construction and form; the second to special architectural problems in the field of painting and sculpture, respectively.

Plastic Anatomy.-2-year course. Lectures 4 hours a week. The work of each year closes with a tentamen.

Perspective.-1-year course. Lectures and exercises together 2 hours a week. The work of the year closes with a tentamen.

History of Art.-3-year course giving a survey of world history of art. Lectures 2 hours a week. Students who wish may take a tentamen and receive a certificate.

Knowledge of Materials.—1-year course. Lectures and Seminar exercises 2 hours a week; practical exercises 6 hours a week. The work of the year closes with a tentamen.

Students in the Schools of Painting and Sculpture may be registered at the Institute of Art for at most 5 years. In the case of illness or other cause acceptable to the Faculty Council the student may be registered for at most 6 years.

At the time of leaving a student of the School of Painting or of Architecture may receive on request an excerpt from the matriculation record of his studies at the school signed by the Secretary of the Institute of Art.

School of Architecture (Arkitekturskolan).—The School of Architecture aims to prepare opportunity for its students through study and solution of building, municipal planning, and restoration projects, including a more comprehensive project in one of these fields, and through study of older building art to broaden their view of building problems and to further the development of architecture from the artistic and technical as well as civic viewpoint.

The plan of studies in the School of Architecture is arranged so that it may be completed within 1 year by a student devoting most of his working hours to the course as outlined. A part-time student must complete the course within at most 3 years. The work of the School of Architecture comprises>

1. The independent solution and working out of a prize project in architecture, municipal planning, or restoration planned each year by the Faculty Council. 2. The handling of some 10 lesser projects in architecture and municipal planning each one of which may be solved independently, through seminar exercises, or cooperatively, as the Director of the School may determine.

3. Seminar exercises in Swedish and comparative history of architecture.

4. Course in the restoration and care of historical buildings, including one practical restoration project.

5. Instruction in the art of municipal planning.

On completion of the course the student receives a certificate giving the mark he made in each of his subjects of instruction and indicating any prize he may have earned while a student of the School.

School of Graphic Art (Skolan for Grafisk Konst).—The School of Graphic Arts offers a 1-year course of 9 hours of instruction a week on the various methods of procedure in graphic arts. After completion of the course the student is given on request an excerpt from the matriculation records of the school signed by the Secretary of the Institute of Art.