garden cultivation (Allmän trädgårdsodling) and Garden planning (Trädgårdsanläggning). Table 23 which follows gives the subjects common to both lines and the special subjects for each of the two lines. To pass the examination in either of these lines the student must make at least the mark "approved" in each subject checked with an X in the line concerned, and at least the mark "approved with praise" in the two subjects checked with XX. One who has passed the examination in either of the two lines may use the title of Hortonom.

Table 23.-Subjects of study in the Higher Course in Gardening

as a

The Royal College of Forestry was founded in Stockholm in 1826 a private institute of forestry. It became a State institution in 1828 and was reorganized to a College of Forestry (literally "High School of For

estry”—Skogshögskola) in 1915. Through a Royal statute of July 31, 1945, the school is charged with the task of imparting scientific and practical instruction in forestry and to further the development of forestry through scientific research.

Prior to 1936 the College of Forestry offered two courses, a higher course called "jägmästarkursen" which aimed to give training in forestry and to promote the science of forestry nationally, and a lower course called "forstmästarkursen" which in addition to imparting the necessary theoretical information aimed to give practical insight and readiness in woodcraft requisite for the position of assistant forester or for a minor position in forestry. In 1936 the lower course was dropped. To further scientific studies the College of Forestry offers also a licentiate examination in forestry. A proposal has been made for the establishment of a doctorate in forestry.

Requirements for admission.-For admission as a regular student at the College of Forestry the applicant must have a strong and healthy physique, a normal sense of color, and normal sight in both eyes either naturally or through correction with glasses. He cannot be more than 26 years of age. With reference to education and practical experience he must show that he has:

1. Passed an approved student examination or the engineer's examination at a technical gymnasium (p. 14) and in this or a supplementary examination made at least the mark approved in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and hygiene, and German or English. With reference to mathematics-general and special courses-physics and chemistry the requirements in the supplementary examination must have been those of the student examination at a realgymnasium; or

Received a leaving certificate from the special gymnasium for agricultural, dairy, and forestry students at Hvilan, Åkarp; or

Passed the realexamen or present evidence that he possesses corresponding knowledge and, in addition, in either case has passed in the prescribed manner a special examination according to the requirements of the student examination with at least the mark approved in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology with hygiene, Swedish composition, and German or English. With reference to mathematics-general and special courses— physics and chemistry the requirements in the special examination must have been those of the realgymnasium.

2. Completed the State or corresponding charcoal school (kolarskola).

3. Participated with good marks in practical work in forestry for at least 10 months in the case of applicants who have passed the student examination or the technical student examination, and for at least 22 months in the case of other applicants, including for all applicants at least

5 months of practical work in forestry under the supervision of a higher trained forester approved by the Rector or by the Faculty Council; or Completed a State or corresponding school of forestry.

Admission as a special student is granted by the Faculty Council for 1 year at a time to one who has passed an examination at an institution of university rank or who can show otherwise that he possesses knowledge requisite for the studies he wishes to pursue. Extra students are admitted by the Rector to the extent that accommodations are available.

Examination for foresters (civil jägmästarexamen).—Study in preparation for this examination begins with the 1-year preparatory course (förberedande kursen) conducted at the Crown lands of Garpenberg in South Dalarna from October 15 to September 15 of the following year. Instruction comprises the certificate subjects forest and field surveying, forest evaluation, hunting and game protection, map work; and the examination subjects forest technology, forestry, agricultural economics, and house building. In addition and to the extent that time permits, exercises in fish conservation, sports and skiing, camp work and forest technology, etc., are included.

One who has completed the preparatory course with approved marks is qualified for admission to the course for foresters called jägmästarkursen which begins in October either the same or the following year. Instruction at the College of Forestry is divided into 3 terms: a fall term from October 1 to December 20 and a spring term from January 15 to May 15 intended mainly for lectures and practical courses; and a summer term of about 312 months for practical exercises with work in the forest, and for travel. The course comprises 5 terms at the College in Stockholm and 2 summer terms. Instruction comprises:

1. Certificate subjects (betygsämnen).-Forestry, forest technology and drainage, forest evaluation and classification, forest economics, soils and forest botany, forest zoology, law and administration.

2. Examination subjects (forhörsämnen).—Organic and technological chemistry, inspection of tenant farms and bookkeeping.

3. Course subjects (kursämnena).—Building drawing, shelter for workers, game protection, fish conservation, labor theory, estimation of the amount of water and drainage.

In addition optional instruction is offered in conservation, in the care of ancient monuments, and in other subjects that may arise.

On completion of the preparatory and regular course of the school the student is qualified to take the civil jägastarexamen. To pass the examination the student must have made at least the mark approved with praise in the tentamen in two of the subjects forestry care, forest technology and forestry drainage, forestry evaluation and classification, forestry economics; or in one of these subjects and in one of the basic

subjects forest soils or forest botany. The student must in addition have made at least approved in the remaining required subjects of the examination.

Licentiate examination in forestry (skoglig licentiatexamen).-Qualified to take the licentiate examination in forestry is one who after passing the civiljägmästareexamen has been engaged for at least 1 year in practical forest farming, forestry improvement industry (träförädlingsindustri), or at an institution for experimental forestry or wood techniques. The licentiate examination in forestry includes two of the following subjects of which one should be a major: forestry, forest technology and drainage, forest evaluation and classification, forest economics, soils, and forest botany.

To pass the licentiate examination the student must attain at least three credit units of which at least two must be in his major subject, and at least one in his minor. In addition to the oral examination in the major the student must prepare a dissertation on some phase of the subject. The dissertation must be approved by the examiner and presented to the Faculty Council at least 14 days before its meeting to consider the application for the examination.

THE INSTITUTES OF COMMERCE

(Handelshögskolorna)

Sweden has two Institutes of commerce. The Institute of Commerce in Stockholm (Handelshögskolan i Stockholm) was founded by a Royal statute of May 29, 1909, at the request of the Commercial College Association of Stockholm, for the promotion through scientific instruction and research of commercial activity within Sweden. The Institute is governed by a board of directors comprising a chairman appointed by the King, three members selected by the Commercial College Association, and the Rector of the school. The immediate supervision of the Institute is in charge of a Rector and the Faculty Council. The Rector is appointed by the King for a period of 5 years at a time on the recommendation of the Commercial College Association. The Faculty Council is composed of the Rector and the professiorial group of the faculty.

The Institute of Commerce in Gothenburg (Handelshögskolan i Göteborg) was founded by Royal statute of October 15, 1920, and opened October 1923. It is governed by a board of directors and aims to promote national commerce and industry through scientific instruction and research.

The academic year at the Institute of Commerce of Stockholm comprises three terms (fall, winter, and spring) and extends from the first part of October to the last part of June. The academic year at the Institute

of Commerce in Gothenburg comprises a fall semester from September 1 to December 15, and a spring semester from January 16 to June 1.

Admission. The requirements for admission at the institutes of commerce are essentially the same. At the Institute of Commerce of Stockholm admission as a regular student is open to a man or woman of good character who has:

(a) Passed the student examination; or

(b) Been registered as a regular student at another college; or

(c) Received an approved leaving (graduation) certificate from a commercial or from a technical gymnasium.

An applicant who does not have any of these qualifications but who can present complete evidence satisfactory to the Faculty Council that he is qualified to follow the instruction with advantage, may be admitted for one or more terms, with or without examination, as a "student in expectation" (expektanselev).

One who wishes to audit one or more subjects at the school without registration as a student may be admitted as an extra student (extra elev) if the rector and the instructor concerned find that accommodation is available.

Examinations.-The examinations offered by the Institutes of Commerce are the examination for economists and the licentiate examination in economics.

Examination for economists (Ekonomexamen).—The subjects of the examination for economists are: Economics; business administration; economic geography or law; and one or more of the languages: English, French, Russian, Spanish, German. The examination also includes economic history.

To pass the examination the student must make a total of at least 4 credit units in economics, business administration and economic geography or law; plus at least 1 credit unit in a language.

Licentiate examination in economics (ekonomie licentiatexamen). - This examination which is intended to show deeper and more comprehensive knowledge than the examination for economists includes one or more of the subjects economics, business administration, and economic geography. The examination is open to one who has passed the examination for economists with at least the mark "approved with praise" in each of economics and business administration, and in either economic geography or commercial law. The examination is open also to one who has passed a corresponding examination at the Commercial College of Stockholm or other Swedish Commercial College according to previous regulations.