TABLE 20.-Time of arrival of wives of foreign-born Japanese males who were married before coming to the United States, by occupation and industry.

a Including 1 whose wife is now in Japan on visit.

Including 2 whose wives are now in Japan on visit.

Including 5; 4 have wives in United States but not scheduled, 1 has wife in Japan.
d One has wife now in San Francisco on her way to join him.

Practically all of the Japanese have immigrated to the United States expecting after a few years to return to their native land. Many of this race, however, as of others who have come under somewhat similar circumstances, have later decided to become permanent residents of this country. This is especially true of those who have succeeded in rising from the ranks of the laboring classes, as is indicated by the following table, as well as by the immigration of the wives:

TABLE 21.-Intention of Japanese males 18 years of age or over to stay permanently in United States, by occupation and industry.

Thus 167 of 442 men engaged in business for themselves, most of them small shopkeepers, and 130 of 327 farmers, most of them tenants, state that they expect to 'remain permanently in this country, while an approximately equal number are in doubt as to what they will eventually do, and a smaller number still expect, sooner or later, to return to their native land. That so many are in doubt is explained chiefly by the restrictions which have been placed upon the immigration of Japanese laborers, upon which most of the business and farming conducted by them depends for its success. These restrictions also account for the fact that so many expect to return to their native land. Without the limitations which have been placed upon further immigration, there can be no doubt that a large permanent Japanese population would be developed in the cities and upon the land. The laborers stand in contrast to the more successful of their countrymen in that a large majority still expect to return to Japan, while only a small minority expect to become

permanent residents of this country. A rather large number, however, state that they are in doubt whether they will settle here or return to their native land. As they say, As they say, "it all depends "-the deciding factors being the degree of success they meet with in this country, the amount of opposition shown toward them, and the difficulty involved in readjusting themselves to changed conditions in Japan after residing abroad.

With the increase of the number of married women living in this country the number of Japanese children under 16 years of age has increased to 4,000 or more. The great majority of these have been born in this country and are under 6 years of age. Many of the Japanese wives in this country have been picture brides or have been married upon their arrival. Moreover, because of the separation of husband and wife for some years, which has usually accompanied the emigration of the married men, the number of children born to them has usually been small. Finally, many children born in Japan of mothers now in this country have been left in their native land with grandparents or other relatives to receive their schooling. As yet few of those so left have joined their parents. Because of these three facts the number of foreign-born children is very small. Of 3,399 under 16, reported by the secretaries of Japanese associations in different localities of California, 2,855 were reported to be nativeborn. The number of Japanese births in the State, as reported by the secretary of the state board of health, were 156 in 1905–6, 134 in 1906, 221 in 1907, 455 in 1908, and 682 in 1909; a total of 1,648 for the five years.

The following tables show the number and percentage of foreignborn Japanese from whom personal schedules were obtained, who had been in the continental United States each specified number of years, by sex and by industry:

TABLE 22.—Number of foreign-born Japanese in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and industry.

WAGE-EARNERS.
MALE.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.]

TABLE 22.-Number of foreign-born Japanese in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and industry—Continued.

TABLE 23.-Per cent of foreign-born Japanese in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and industry.

WAGE-EARNERS.
MALE.

(By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.]

TABLE 23.-Per cent of foreign-born Japanese in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and industry-Continued.

The first point to be noted is the comparatively small percentage who had arrived in the United States within two years of the time the data were collected, between August, 1908, and July, 1909. Six and one-tenth per cent of the male wage-earners and 2.2 per cent of the business men and farmers reported that they had first arrived in this country within two years. The second point of interest is the contrast presented by the males and the females of each group. Of the male wage-earners, 42.8 per cent had been in this country five years or over, while 80.3 per cent had been here three years or over, while the corresponding percentages for the females of the same group were 22.2 and 60.9. Of the business men and farmers, 71.8 per cent had been in the United States five years or over, while 91.8 per cent had resided here three years or over. The corresponding percentages for the females of the same group are 31.3 and 65.8. A contrast between the male wage-earners and business men and farmers is indicated by the percentages just noted. The percentage of the former group who had been in the United States less than five years was 57.1; less than ten years, 90.3; less than fifteen years, 98.4. The corresponding percentages for the members of the other group are 28.2, 72.3, and 92.4, respectively. The longer residence of the farmers and business men is a significant fact in connection with the economic position they occupy-a fact commented on later. Finally, the tables show that a comparatively small percentage of the number had been in this country as long as ten years, which is explained by the fact that the great majority of the immigrants have come to this country since 1899, and that until recently a large percentage have returned to their native land after a few years spent in working for wages.

CHAPTER III.

JAPANESE WAGE-EARNERS IN INDUSTRIES.

The great majority of the Japanese in this country have been employed in railroad and general construction work, as agricultural laborers, cannery hands, lumber mill and logging camp laborers, in the various branches of domestic service, and in business establishments conducted by their countrymen. Smaller numbers have been employed in coal and ore mining, smelting, meat packing, and salt making. In the building trades they have done little save in making repairs and in doing cabinet work for their countrymen. They have found little place in manufacturing establishments in cities. In contrast to the Chinese, and partly because of the earlier agitation against the Chinese so employed, they have found little employment in shoe, clothing, and cigar factories.

Many Japanese laborers migrate from one locality and from one industry to another during the year. The following statement shows roughly, however, the occupational distribution of those in the West. during the summer of 1909. Approximately 10,000 were employed by the steam railway companies, chiefly as maintenance of way and shop and roundhouse laborers. More than 2,200 were employed in 67 of the 1,400 or 1,500 lumber mills in Oregon and Washington. Some 3,600 were employed in salmon canneries in Alaska, Oregon, and Washington, while a few hundred were engaged in fishing along the coast of California. The number of Japanese employed in the mines of Wyoming, Utah, southern Colorado, and northern New Mexico was 2,000. Nearly 200 were employed in three smelters in Utah and Nevada and an approximately equal number in an iron and steel plant at Pueblo, Colo. Several hundred, all told, including those employed in constructing irrigation ditches in the arid districts of the Rocky Mountain States, were engaged in general construction work. Perhaps during the summer months the number engaged as farmers and farm laborers in agricultural pursuits in Washington was 3,000; in Oregon, 1,000; in Idaho, 800; in Utah, 1,025; in Colorado, possibly 3,000; in California, 30,000, with smaller numbers in the other States and Territories of the Western Division. Including the 30 or more farmers in Texas and Florida, the number of Japanese farming on their own account was probably in excess of 6,000; the number of farms or smaller holdings cultivated by them, 4,000; the acreage controlled by them, in excess of 210,000. The numbers employed by street railway companies (in Los Angeles), in two salt refineries near San Francisco, and otherwise outside of towns and cities, were comparatively small, though amounting to several hundred all told. As opposed to these, the number engaged in city trades and business-in the West-may be estimated at from 22,000 to 26,000. The majority of those found in the central and eastern States are engaged in business or are connected with business establishments.

This occupational distribution of the Japanese is the resultant of opposing influences. On the one hand, the Japanese are ambitious