previous to the investigation there had been seven Japanese restaurants serving American meals, but two of them had failed and had been closed. The five remaining were scattered through the business district and were found to be patronized chiefly by white men, the vast majority of whom were of the laboring class. They serve cheap but substantial meals at low prices-two at 20 cents, two at 15 cents, and one at 10 cents. These establishments in point of furnishings, service, food, and prices do not differ materially from a very much larger number of small "cheap" restaurants conducted by white men of various races. No opposition has as yet been aroused against the Japanese restaurants; their competition has not had any serious effect upon their competitors. The hand laundry employs only four men. The three barber shops are also small, two of them having only two chairs each, the other four. One of the barbers employed is a white man. The Japanese and white patrons of the smaller shops are about equal in number, but the latter class predominate among the patrons of the larger shop. The charge for hair cutting is uniformly 25 cents, for shaving 10 cents. These prices are the same as those which obtain in small shops of the same type conducted by men of other races, many of whom are foreignborn. However, in the majority of the shops conducted by white men the prices are 35 cents for hair cutting and 15 cents for shaving. The baths conducted by Japanese are run in connection with two of their barber shops.

The curio shops are small, and, as elsewhere, are patronized largely by white people. The three tailor shops are small, each being conducted by one man. Though each is an agent for Chicago merchanttailoring houses, most of the business done consists of cleaning, repairing, and pressing suits. The price charged for cleaning and pressing is $1 per suit, the same as at other shops engaged in that business. Of three billiard and pool rooms conducted by Japanese two are small and are patronized by the members of that race almost exclusively, while a larger one with eight tables is patronized almost entirely by white men. The last-mentioned establishment sells soft drinks and cigars also, and does a large amount of business. The other branches of business engaged in by the Japanese are of little consequence. They have been indicated in the foregoing table.

The more essential matters relating to Japanese business in Salt Lake City may be stated in summary form as follows: (1) The more important establishments are directly connected with the supplying of laborers to capitalistic enterprises and providing these laborers with the necessaries of life; (2) the Japanese may supply most of their needs, save for clothing of superior quality, at establishments conducted by members of their own race; (3) their barber shops and baths, some of the pool rooms, the curio shops, tailor shops, and restaurants serving American meals are patronized largely by white persons, but these establishments are few and small, and maintain the same level of prices as are found in similar establishments conducted by other races, so that the competition between them and their competitors has been of little consequence.

JAPANESE IN BUSINESS IN OGDEN.

Ogden is a supply point for railway and for agricultural laborers engaged in truck gardening and sugar-beet growing. The 4 labor

contractors in July, 1909, controlled 1,322 men employed by a number of railway companies. These laborers and the vast majority of those employed in the beet fields and the numerous farmers are provided with much of their food and some of their clothes by the Japanese provision and supply stores. During the seasons when many Japanese laborers are unemployed a large number live at the boarding and lodging houses conducted at Ogden. To supply their needs, and in some cases to secure white patrons, a comparatively large number of establishments have in recent years been started by Japanese. One important difference between the situation found in Salt Lake City and that which obtains in Ogden lies in the fact that to some extent Japanese are engaged in domestic service and related occupations in the former, while practically all of the approximately 175 Japanese residing throughout the year in Ogden are connected with business establishments conducted by the members of that race or work in the railroad shops. Another difference is found in the fact that less of the business conducted is for the American trade. The kinds of business engaged in by the Japanese in Ogden and the number of establishments conducted, in July, 1909, are shown in the following table:

TABLE 14.-Japanese in business in Ogden, Utah, July, 1909.

d Not including 3 branch newspaper agencies dealing in Japanese newspapers and conducted in connection with other business.

The total number of Japanese establishments (including some duplication which can not be entirely eliminated in this case) was 43. Those of importance, with few exceptions, are directly connected with Japanese labor. What was said concerning the business of the labor contractors at Salt Lake City applies equally well to contractors with offices at Ogden. The two large provision stores, both of which are closely connected with, though conducted separately from, the contracting business, carry chiefly Japanese goods in stock and are patronized almost exclusively by Japanese. They ship large consignments of goods to groups of Japanese section hands and beet-field laborers. The 10 boarding and lodging houses are patronized exclusively by Japanese and practically all of these are of the transient class who come to Ogden "between jobs." The proprietors of these establishments have organized an association to limit the competition among them. The price of lodging is 20 cents for the night, without board, and 15 cents if meals are purchased also. The cost of meals is 15 cents each. The two expressmen are engaged principally in hauling the baggage of Japanese as they come to and depart from the city.

The number of establishments having any considerable percentage of their patrons among the white race are the one laundry, the one restaurant serving American meals, the four barber shops and the pool rooms. The laundry gives employment to four Japanese and five white women. About 50 per cent of the patrons are white. The prices charged, and especially those charged for laundering women's articles, are somewhat lower than those charged by the white steam laundries. Yet the prices are higher than those charged for work done for Japanese, for it is customary to make material reductions on articles laundered for the members of that race. Though the Chinese have several restaurants patronized almost exclusively, if not entirely, by white persons, the Japanese have not engaged in the serving of American meals to any considerable extent. At the time of the investigation there was only one small restaurant serving American meals. The price per meal was 15 cents.

From the point of view of American patronage the barber shops and the baths and pool rooms connected with them are by far the most important of all the establishments conducted by the Japanese. There are four small barber shops, each with two chairs. These are located in the most frequented parts of the city and 70 per cent of their patrons are white men. The price charged for hair cutting is 25 cents, for shaving 10 cents. These prices are the same as those charged at three nonunion white shops giving equally good service, and higher than at two others of a poorer quality at which the charges for hair cutting and shaving are 15 and 10 cents, respectively. The majority of the white shops are unionized, however, and the union price for hair cutting is 35 cents, and for shaving 15 cents. It is evident that the Japanese, together with about an equal number of white shops, are appealing to the " cheaper trade." The charge for a bath at the Japanese shops is 15 cents. The same rate obtains at some white establishments, though at a much larger number the charge is either 20 or 25 cents. There is no difference in the prices "per cue" at Japanese pool rooms, three of which are connected with barber shops and patronized largely by white persons, and those which prevail elsewhere.

The other business establishments are few in number, are small, and are patronized chiefly by the Japanese. The bank is a branch institution designed to serve as an agency for collecting and forwarding the savings of the Japanese laborers. The tailor is agent for a Chicago merchant-tailoring house, but is engaged chiefly in cleaning and pressing clothes. His shop is located in the Japanese quarter and is patronized chiefly by the Japanese who live in the boarding and lodging houses near by. The small photograph gallery is patronized chiefly by Japanese laborers. From the details presented it is evident (1) that most of the Japanese business establishments are small; (2) that white persons are relatively numerous among the patrons of a few establishments only; and (3) that the limited competition between the Japanese and white business men has as yet been of no particular consequence.

A very few Japanese are engaged in business in some of the smaller towns. Garland and Logan, in each of which there is a small Japanese restaurant largely patronized by white people, are typical of these. The entire number of Japanese business establishments in Utah, outside of Salt Lake City and Ogden, probably does not exceed six.

CHAPTER IX.

JAPANESE IN BUSINESS IN IDAHO.

The number of Japanese in Idaho varies greatly with the seasons, chiefly because of the importance of the beet fields as a source of employment. The number of persons engaged in some of the nonagricultural occupations also varies from season to season for the same reason. According to the best estimates the number of domestic servants varies between 40 and 70, of railroad laborers between 200 and several hundred. The number of Japanese engaged in the handwork of the beet fields reaches between 600 and 700 as a maximum. The number of Japanese farmers and employees perhaps numbers 50. The number engaged in reclamation work varies greatly from time to time. The number connected with business enterprises is about 80. In all probability the total number in the State at the minimum in winter is something less than 1,000, the maximum in summer not much less than 1,400.

The Japanese are employed in many parts of the State as laborers on the railroads, in the beet fields, and in the construction of irrigation ditches. Wherever they have been employed for a year or so a small number have engaged in business. While investigating the beet-sugar industry and railway labor, the agents of the Commission collected the data relative to Japanese engaged in business presented in the following table:

TABLE 15.-Japanese engaged in business in Idaho in 1909.

Not including 1 railroad contractor and a few subcontractors under a general agency in several sugar beet growing districts, together with the supply business they conduct.

The preceding table is not complete. In all probability a few Japanese are engaged in business in other towns in the southern part of the State. The total number of establishments not reported, however, is small. Moreover, the table does not include a contractor for railroad labor at Pocatello and a few subcontractors working under a general agency and controlling many of the laborers in the beet fields and the supply business conducted by them. In spite of this incompleteness, however, the table shows (1) the comparatively slight extent to which the Japanese have engaged in business, and (2) that restaurants serving American meals are by far the most numerous of the enterprises conducted.

That the Japanese have not engaged more extensively in business in Idaho is due to the fact that there is no important center in the State from which Japanese laborers are supplied, and the comparatively short time they have engaged in any employment save railway work where they are provided with supplies by the contractors through whom they are employed. That a number of small restaurants serving American meals have been opened in small towns is an interesting fact. Both the Chinese and Japanese conduct restaurants patronized chiefly by white people of various classes who show no antipathy to the Orientals. Unlike the white residents of the Pacific Coast States, those of Idaho give no evidence of any hostile feeling toward either the Chinese or the Japanese.