The majority of their patrons are Japanese, though 50 per cent of the patrons of one of the shops are white. A large percentage of the Japanese purchase tailor-made suits. Until comparatively recent years these were made at white shops. Doubtless the majority are still made by white tailors, but some of this trade has been lost to the rival Japanese shops. Only one tailor (near two Japanese shops) was found, however, who had had so large a percentage of Japanese among his patrons that the partial withdrawal of that patronage had caused him serious loss. Where he had previously made four or five suits of clothes per week for men of that race, he now makes but one or two per month.

Men's furnishing stores. Within the past few years the Japanese have engaged also in the men's furnishing business. At present there are nine establishments. These all carry small stocks of goods, chiefly of "American," i. e., non-Japanese, origin. The capital employed is in no case in excess of $5,000 and the annual transactions of the largest of the nine amount to only $8,000. With one exception, they are located in the Japanese quarter and have only a small percentage of white patrons. Seventy per cent of the patrons of the one store located outside of the Japanese quarter are white persons; their purchases aggregate between $5,500 and $6,000 per year. On the whole, however, the trade of the white persons at these stores is not of great importance. On the other hand, the partial withdrawal of Japanese trade from stores conducted by white persons has seriously affected the business of a few located within two or three blocks of the Japanese colony. The Japanese usually purchase American articles of dress which are of good quality, and before they engaged in this line of business their purchases at some of the American stores were an important factor in the business transacted. With the establishment of stores by their countrymen, however, the larger part of their patronage has been transferred to them. The proprietor of an American shop states that this has reduced the amount of his business by one-half. Others have been less seriously affected.

Grocery stores.-The most important branch of retail trade engaged in by the Japanese in Sacramento is the sale of groceries and supplies. The first store of this kind was established as early as 1893. The number has gradually increased, until it is now 12. These are all located in the Japanese quarter. Some of them are very small, while two are large, as compared with groceries conducted by other races. The smallest has a stock of goods valued at $1,000, and its annual transactions amount to $1,700. The largest, conducted by a corporation, has a stock valued at $60,000, and its annual transactions aggregate $120,000. Five of the 12 stores were investigated. All carried stocks of American as well as of Japanese goods, the percentage of the latter varying from 50 to 70. All have both white and Japanese customers. Many of the latter are farmers and laborers about Newcastle, Florin, the several towns along the Sacramento River, and elsewhere. This trade is an important part of the whole, for the "bosses" buy supplies in large quantities for the men who work under their control. Among the city customers, however, are many white people who buy at the Japanese stores because they sell some of their goods at lower prices than do their white competitors.

The situation is very well indicated for the five stores from which detailed data were secured by the following table:

TABLE 5.-Data for five grocery stores conducted by Japanese in Sacramento, Cal., June, 1909.

An agent of the Commission secured data also from 5 grocery stores conducted by white men, 1 in and the other 4 within a block of the "Japanese quarter." Two of these were conducted by native Americans, 1 by a German, 1 by a French-Swiss, and 1 by a Greek. All were comparatively small stores, the stock of the Greek being valued at $300 or $400, the largest stock of the other 4 at $6,500. Their annual transactions varied from $1,500 to $20,000. Japanese were reported as purchasing at only 1 of these the 1 in the midst of the Japanese colony-and in that case infrequently. All of the proprietors complain of Japanese competition. The stores conducted by that race, it is conceded by purchasers as by all others, sell at lower prices, but how much the average difference in prices is it is impossible to estimate, because of the difference in brands of goods and of the numerousness of the articles carried in stock. chief disadvantage under which the white grocers were found to labor was, however, that their business is almost entirely local in character, and with the influx of the Japanese most of the white people have moved elsewhere. Two of these grocers had been engaged in business many years and since becoming established in their present locations the character of the population had almost completely changed.

The

The Japanese stores investigated employed 10 persons, while those conducted by members of other races had 15 persons engaged as clerks and drivers, the latter also serving as clerks when not delivering goods to the houses of purchasers. In comparing wages, the fact that all of the Japanese employees receive board and lodging in addition to wages, while the others do not, must be taken into consideration. Of the 10 male Japanese employees, 2 were paid $40 per month, 2 $35, while the remaining 6 earned between $30 and $25. Of the 13 males employed by the proprietors of the "white stores," none received less than $50. The 2 women employed were paid $52 and $40 per month, respectively.

Other stores.-The Japanese, as is indicated by Table 4, page 250, have a variety of other stores and shops, including 1 dry goods, 2 drug, 4 jewelry and watch repairing, 1 curio, 2 books and stationery, and 1 shoe store, 3 fish markets (1 dealing in vegetables also), 1

cigar and 4 confection "stands." All of those investigated had been established since 1904 and most of them in 1907 or 1908. They are all small shops, are located in the "Japanese quarter," and are patronized chiefly by members of the Japanese colony. The establishments for which data are presented in the tables in the appendix are typical of the larger numbers—a fish market with a capital of $1,400 and two-thirds of its patrons Japanese; a confectionery shop, capital $1,300, 80 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a cigar stand, capital $300, 60 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a dry goods store, capital $4,000, 80 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a shoe store, capital $1,500, 70 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a drug store, capital $500, 100 per cent of its patrons Japanese; and a watch and jewelry store, capital $2,400, 50 per cent of its patrons Japanese. Besides the shoe store, in which repairing is also done, there are two cobblers' shops. These are located outside of the "Japanese quarter," charge lower prices than the cobblers of other races, and have a large patronage, drawn almost entirely from white persons.

Employment and real estate agencies.-The employment agencies are connected with stores or, more frequently, with a real estate brokerage business. The employment agents provide Japanese laborers for all kinds of work. The commissions ordinarily collected from those who obtain employment through them are 10 per cent of the first month's wages of domestics, 5 per cent of the first month's wages of railroad laborers, and 50 cents each for farm hands.

The real estate agents serve as intermediaries between Japanese tenants and white real estate agents. The Japanese establishments frequently change location and new ones have been rapidly opened, so that there is much demand for the services of these men. commission charged is 5 per cent of the consideration involved in the transaction.

The

Places of amusement. The places of amusement conducted by Japanese are 1 moving-picture show and 15 pool rooms. The moving-picture show is of the usual American type, but frequently serves as a Japanese theater. A white woman is employed in the box office and about half of the patrons are white persons, chiefly those living in the poorer part of the city surrounding the Japanese colony. The pool rooms are patronized almost entirely by Japanese, though a few have white patrons, chiefly Italians and Greeks. No complaint of Japanese competition was found except that made by the proprietor of a Greek pool room located near several Japanese establishments. He had been compelled to reduce his to the more popular prices charged by his neighbors in order to retain his patronage.

Photograph_galleries. Of the 3 photograph galleries, 2 were investigated. Each of the proprietors had 1 assistant, and the annual transactions amounted to $3,000 in each case. Seventy per cent of the patrons of one and 25 per cent of those of the other were white persons.

Other branches of business.-The Japanese bank has only 6 or 7 white depositors, and these are Greeks. It finances Japanese enterprises and serves as a savings institution and as agent in sending money abroad. It was organized in 1906 and has a capital in excess of $65,000.

One newspaper is published and 2 job printing shops are conducted by Japanese. Their patronage, save some advertising matter, is almost entirely by the members of that race.

The 1 small bicycle shop is run in connection with a Japanese restaurant. Fifty per cent of its patrons are white.

The only other branches of business engaged in by the Japanese are the express business and carpentry and repair work. The first Japanese to engage in the former business began in 1901. There are now 6 Japanese express wagons. Five of the 6 expressmen belong to a union, which fixes the prices for hauling baggage. A schedule has been drawn up in which the prices vary with the character of the baggage and the distance it is hauled. The union also provides for the equal sharing among its members of baggage at the railway station and at the wharf.

There were 15 Japanese carpenters in Sacramento at the time of the investigation. Six of these resided there and were members of the Japanese Carpenters' Union, while 9 were transients, who were employed in Sacramento at that time. This Japanese Carpenters' Union was organized in October, 1908. Like the carpenters' union among the white men, it provides for an eight-hour day and prohibits work on Sundays and holidays. Wages are fixed at $3.50 or $4 per day, according to the efficiency of the individual members, but these standard rates are not closely observed. Most of the carpenters are independent workmen, who are employed almost exclusively in altering interiors of buildings rented by Japanese and in placing "fixtures in business houses. Three, however, are employed by a Japanese contractor and job carpenter," who reports that 40 per cent of his work is done for white people, 60 per cent for Japanese. The wages of these 3 employees for an eight-hour day are $2.70, $2.50, and $2.25, respectively.

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Summary. From the details presented it is evident that with the growth of the Japanese population the members of that race have engaged in many lines of business; that with the exception of 2 cobblers' shops, 1" men's furnishing" store, 10 barber shops, and a few restaurants serving American meals, these establishments are located in the "Japanese quarter," and that many of them supply the needs of the Japanese population. It is found, however, that some of these establishments, and especially those located outside of the "Japanese quarter," have a large percentage of white persons among their patrons. The larger laundries, the restaurants serving American meals, the 2 cobbler shops, 10 barber shops, and 1" men's furnishing store have been established primarily to secure "American" patronage, while a large percentage of the establishments located in the Japanese quarter have many white persons among their customers. This is especially true of the grocery stores, some of which have large stocks of goods and do a substantial amount of business.

The instances of underbidding other dealers and tradesmen are not numerous, though several cases have been cited. But more important in its effects than the attracting of white patronage in some branches of trade has been the withdrawal of Japanese patronage from white shops when attractive shops conducted by their countrymen have been established, as they have been in several branches of

business within the past five or six years. The withdrawal of Japanese patronage has seriously affected the profits of some white tradesmen. But more important in its effects has been the shifting of population with the influx of the Japanese and the expansion of their colony. It is evident that the Japanese are well provided for in most lines of business by tradesmen of their own race, and because of clannishness, inability to speak good English, convenience, and other reasons, trade very largely at Japanese stores. For the same reasons and because they are not welcome in barber shops, restaurants, and places of amusement of a good type conducted by white persons, they patronize Japanese barber shops, restaurants, and pool rooms. Under these circumstances the white men whose business establishments were located in or near the present "Japanese quarter" have lost a large share of their former patrons, as they have moved elsewhere with the influx of Japanese.

It is evident from what has been stated and from an examination of the data presented in the tables in the appendix that most of the stores, shops, and other business conducted by the Japanese are small. With the exception of two grocery and supply stores and a few restaurants the capital invested, the volume of transactions, and the number of employees are small. With the exceptions noted these places are in these respects like the establishments conducted by the various races in the poorer quarters of any typical American city. As a rule, however, the Japanese places are cleaner and more attractive than those conducted by the members of other races in the same localities. The tables presented in the appendix show also that much of the capital employed in business is borrowed. Taking 33 establishments where the capital employed was $1,000 or more, a part was found to be borrowed in 18 instances.

Labor employed. In the majority of cases the business of the Japanese is conducted by the individual proprietor, or the one or more proprietors, but with the assistance of wives in some cases. Persons were employed for wages in 25 of the 55 establishments at the time of the investigation, the total number of such employees being 72. With a single exception these were Japanese. As a general rule the system of "living in " prevailed, the proprietor providing board and lodging in addition to paying wages. Of the 71 Japanese employed, 54 were provided with board and lodging in addition to wages, 5 (restaurant employees) were boarded but not provided with lodging, 1 (a photographer's assistant) was provided with lodging only, while 11 were provided with neither board nor lodging. Seven of this last-mentioned group were employees of the bank and the contracting carpenter. The proprietor and his employees usually live in the rear or over the room used for business purposes. The agents of the Commission visited 19 of the apartments in which employees were provided with lodging. Eleven of them were well lighted, well furnished, well kept, and not crowded. two other cases the same conditions regarding equipment prevailed, but the room was inadequate for the number living there. In the other six cases the lighting was bad, the ventilation poor, or the care of the apartment not good. On the whole, the lodging conditions found were fairly good considering that they represent the poorer section of a city.

In