ing, 8 had neither surplus nor deficit for the year, while the remaining 30 realized a surplus varying from $50 to $1,750. The average. amount of surplus was $326.66, the median $250. That two had gains amounting to $1,200 and $1,750, respectively, is explained by the fact that they held managerial positions and owned corporate stocks which paid them dividends (General Table 26). Fourteen sent a portion of their earnings abroad during the year, the total amount being $2,270, or more than 23 per cent of the surplus reported by the 30 reporting a surplus for the year. That the wage-earners sent a larger part of their gains abroad than did the business men is accounted for by the fact that fewer of them have their families with them in this country and that they have less opportunity for profitable investment here than do those conducting busi

Of the much larger sum kept in the United States, $1,500 was invested in stocks, $200 used to pay a debt earlier incurred in business, and the remainder deposited in the bank. By retaining much of their gains in this country several of these wage-earners have been able to accumulate several hundred dollars' worth of property. Of 40, 8 have no property other than their personal effects, 14 have property worth less than $500, 10 worth from $500 to $1,000, 5 worth from $1,000 to $1,500, and 3 have still more (General Table 25).

SOCIOLOGICAL DATA.

As already stated, the Japanese population of Los Angeles was reported in December, 1908, as numbering 4,457. Of these, 3,925 were adult males, 427 adult females, 81 American-born children, and 24 foreign-born children. Complete data relating to various matters were obtained from 220 of these-140 men, 48 women, 7 foreign-born children between 6 and 13 years of age, and 25 Japanese-Americans under 6 years of age. (General Tables 29 and 32.) Practically all of the females over 16 years of age were married women, most of whom have come to the United States within recent years to join their husbands or to be married upon their arrival. Moreover, most of them are the wives of men engaged in business or in the professions. Of 100 business men from whom data were obtained 58 are married and 43 of the wives are now in this country. Twentyone of them, including 1 who came from Canada and several who came from the Hawaiian Islands, accompanied their husbands to this country when they first immigrated, 5 joined their husbands later, 9 came to this country to be married here, while the remaining 11 married when their prospective husbands visited Japan, and all but 2 came to this country with them upon their return. Of 40 wageearners, 10 are married. One of these was married during a visit to his native country, the other 9 previous to their immigration to the United States. Two of these men, who came from the Hawaiian Islands, were accompanied by their wives, and 1 was later joined by his wife. At present, therefore, 4 of the wives of the 10 wageearners are in this country, 6 abroad. (General Tables 30 and 31.) In recent years a tendency is evident, especially among the men who engage successfully in business, to bring their wives to this country. This accounts for the fact that whereas in 1904 only 5 married women as against 493 adult males were reported, in 1908 427 adult females and 3,925 adult males were reported.

This change in the composition of the Japanese population of Los Angeles is indicative of the fact that many expect to remain indefinitely if not permanently in the United States. Of the 100 Japanese males engaged in business investigated, 73 stated that they expect to remain permanently in this country, 2 to return to Japan, while 25 were in doubt as to what they would eventually do. The wageearners, who, on the whole, have had a shorter residence than the business men in this country, have been less successful and are not so well off, present a contrast to the business men in this regard. Of 40 from whom data were obtained, 9 stated that they expected to reside permanently in this country, 14 to return to their native land, while 17 were in doubt as to what they would do.

Something has been said concerning the conditions under which the Japanese live. Most of the domestics and some of the laborers employed by white men are provided with lodging where they are employed. Though a few of the others live elsewhere, the majority reside in the two Japanese colonies. As already stated, most of the business men live in the rear or over the rooms housing the business conducted, and the majority of their employees live with them. The greater number of the remainder live in lodging and boarding houses. A few families live in small cottages on streets which were formerly occupied mainly by the families of white laborers of various races.

Data were collected from the households investigated relative to the cost of food and drink consumed. Excluding those groups whose heads were proprietors of restaurants or who were engaged in some other business where the articles were not purchased in the usual way, 71 groups, including 131 individuals, remained. Twelve of these, constituting 4 households, reported the cost as $5 per month; 12, constituting 6 households, as $7 but less than $8; 19, constituting 9 households, as $8 but less than $9; 6, constituting 3 households, as $9 but less than $10; 28, constituting 12 households, as $10 but less than $12; 14, constituting 8 households, as $12 but less than $14; and 40, constituting 29 households, as $14 or over per month. Of these 29 lastmentioned households, 1 of 5 persons reported a cost of $25 per person, 1 of 2 persons reported a cost of $30, while 2 single men reported the cost as $35 and $50 per month, respectively. The cost per month of lodging and board at the boarding and lodging houses has already been commented upon. The noteworthy fact made evident by these estimates for they are only estimates is the wide range of costs reported.

The percentage of illiteracy among the Japanese from whom data were obtained is small. Of 141 males, 10 years of age or over, all but 4, and of 48 females, all but 3, could read and write some language. (General Table 37.) Moreover, most of the males have a good command of the English language. Of 143, 6 years of age or over, 140 can speak, and of 141, 10 years of age or over, 95 can read and write, our language. Of 52 females 6 years of age or over, on the other hand, only 33 can speak English, and of 48, 10 years of age or over, only 8 can read and write. (General Tables 34 and 40.) The contrast between the sexes in this regard is partly explained by the difference in length of residence in this country. Thirty-four of 52 females had immigrated within five years, while of 143 males all but 34 had been in this country five years or more. (General Table 33.)

It is explained in part, also, by the fact that some of the men have been members of the "student class" and have learned English in schools in this country, while few or none of the Japanese women have had these advantages. Finally, it is explained in part, also, by the greater contact the Japanese men have had with Englishspeaking people. Few of the Japanese-American children have reached school age, and there are comparatively few Japanese children between 6 and 15 years of age in Los Angeles. Indeed, most of the Japanese children born abroad have been left there until they have received their schooling. Of 63 children of 33 fathers, 31 were in Japan, and 32, of whom approximately 25 were born in Hawaii or in the continental United States, were in this country. Eighteen of the 31 were with their mothers in Japan, 13 with other relatives, while they were being educated. In spite of the fact that one-fourth of the families investigated where the marriage had taken place at least three years previous, were without children, and that most of those born abroad have been left there to be educated, 128 pupils of Japanese nativity were in attendance at the Los Angeles public schools in February, 1908. The majority of these were over 15 years of age, a large percentage of them being young men of the

"student class."

The various missions and religious organizations conduct schools for the instruction of Japanese classes. The Buddhist Mission conducts a school for teaching children the Japanese language and history and has from 20 to 30 pupils each year. There are seven schools for teaching English to adults. These schools have from 20 to 50 pupils each. Besides these classes conducted by missions, there are several instructors, both Americans and Japanese, who are giving private lessons in English. This is one indication of the strong desire shown by adult Japanese to gain a knowledge of our language. Closely connected with the use of English is the matter of newspapers taken by the Japanese groups. These also reflect the interests and indicate the standard of culture of the Japanese people. Of 80 households reporting data, 4 were without newspapers or periodicals of any kind, while the other 76 had from one to nine each. Only 24 of these had any newspaper printed in English, 17 having one, and 7 two each. Several of the households had newspapers and periodicals printed in their native language and published in San Francisco or Japan, as well as some or all of those published by Japanese in Los Angeles.

Few Japanese frequent the churches attended by the members of the other races living in Los Angeles. They have seven missions and religious organizations of their own. The Methodist Mission was established in 1896. It has a membership of about 100, most of whom are young men of the "student class.” This mission now owns the building occupied by it. It has a lodging department which can accommodate 25 persons. The mission is provided with a dining room, a library, and an employment bureau. As already indicated, a school to teach English is run in connection with it.

The Presbyterian Mission organized in 1902 is doing a similar work, and now has a membership of 114. There are also three other smaller missions conducted by the various Christian organizations. More important than any of these, however, is the Buddhist Mis

sion, which was organized in 1904 and which now has a membership of about 500. In general, its lines of work are the same as those of the Methodist Mission, as indicated above. Of the 140 men from whom data were obtained, 17 were members of the Buddhist Mission, 4 of the Congregational Mission, 2 of the Presbyterian Mission, and 1 of the Methodist Mission, a total of 24.

The Japanese also have various other organizations, but do not have membership in American societies. Most important among these organizations is the Japanese Association, which was organized in 1893 and has members in the rural sections of Los Angeles as well as in the city. Its membership now numbers about 500, of whom are 64 of the 100 business men and 2 of the 40 wage-earners investigated. Its objects are the same as those of similar organizations in other localities. There are 12 " prefectural societies." These supplement the work of the Japanese Association in various ways. Their primary function, however, is to render personal aid to members who may fall ill, meet with accident, or become incapacitated for work. Monthly dues, varying from 50 cents to $1, are collected to defray the expenses involved in maintaining their objects, and additional contributions are solicited in case of an emergency. In this way the Japanese who are unfortunate are cared for and not permitted to become public charges, and these organizations also create centers for Japanese social life.

Besides two Japanese student clubs and a ladies' temperance society there is a Japanese business men's association. According to the constitution of this association its "objects, are to protect the mutual interests of the Japanese business men of Los Angeles, to uphold a high moral standard, and to promote an intimate association among its members." Sixty-six, or approximately two-thirds, of the business men from whom data were obtained had membership in it. Though the degree of assimilation found among the Japanese is greater than that found among the Mexicans, the Molekane-Russians, and a few of the less numerous races who have immigrated in recent years and settled in Los Angeles, it is evident from what has been stated above that the process of assimilation has not proceeded far, save in the learning of English and in the adoption of American clothes and some American business methods. The Japanese colonize and, except as domestics, do not live with white people. They are, as a rule, not given personal service in American shops. Save for an occasional business man who has membership in a general business organization, they do not have membership in American societies. On the contrary, they have their own organizations of various kinds, including religious institutions. Though various Christian organizations are represented among them, the majority adhere to the Buddhist faith. Though some of them subscribe for newspapers printed in English and reflecting American ideals and ideas, the majority, because of inability to read English, or because of their interests and sympathies, limit their reading to newspapers and periodicals published here or abroad in the Japanese language and reflecting the Japanese ideals and point of view. The associations between the Japanese and white races are limited, and, with few exceptions, not upon the basis of equality.

48296°-VOL 23-11- -17