A comparatively large percentage of those investigated had come to the United States upon the completion of their schooling in Japan and expected to pursue their studies in this country. Yet the motive of the great majority in immigrating to the United States was purely economic. Nearly all of those who had attended school in this country had combined labor with their school attendance. This is reflected by the fact that of 229 reporting their first gainful employment in this country 92 were domestic servants, many of them" schoolboys" working short hours and receiving small wages in addition to board and lodging. The next largest number, 58-or, roughly, one-fourth of the 229-were first employed as farm laborers. Of the remaining 79, 12 became railroad laborers, 10 house cleaners working by the day, 7 restaurant "help," 9 store "help," 5 cannery hands, and 28 wage-earners in various city occupations. Only 2 engaged in business for themselves and very few of the others had engaged in business at any time and again become members of the wage-earning classes. From these facts it is evident that the great majority of these men had come from the urban classes of Japan and that about two-thirds of them found their first employment in the cities and in San Francisco. (General Table 2.)

The earnings of 230 during the twelve months preceding the investigation were ascertained. Of the 230, 194 had been in continuous employment for the 12 months. As against these, 6 had been employed for eleven months, 3 for ten, 13 for nine, 2 for eight, 7 for six, 2 for five, and 3 for four months of the twelve. The earnings of 106 who received board and lodging in addition to their wages varied from $8 per month and $96 per year to $85 per month and $1,020 per year. The average for the year was $415.82; for those continuously in employment, $444.54. The median, however, was only $360. The yearly earnings of 124 who did not receive board in addition to wages varied from $180 to $2,000. The average for the group was $553.75, and for the 111 who had employment throughout the year, $566.76. The median was $540. (General Table 21.)

Two hundred and twenty-nine reported as to surplus or deficit after their expenses in this country had been paid. Of this number 8 reported a deficit ranging between $58 and $440, while 23 reported that they had spent all they had earned, but had not incurred any debts. The remaining 198, or 86.5 per cent of the number, had realized a surplus during the year.

The aggregate of the balances reported by 198 was $47,434, or an average of $239.52. The sums reported by 24 were less than $100, by 83 $100 but less than $250, by 76 $250 but less than $500, by 14 $500 but less than $1,000, by 1 $1,050. (General Tables 4 and 5.) It is evident that the incomes of the wage-earners from their labor are much smaller than those of the business men derived as a result of their labor and investments from their business, and that their balances over their personal expenditures average only about one-third as much.

Of 229 wage-earners who reported with reference to the disposition of their pecuniary gains for the year, 121 had sent money abroad, the total amount sent being $18,445, or an average of $152.44 for each. Few of them sent more than $200, and all but a negligible percentage was reported to be for the support of parents or of wives and children in Japan. As against the total of $18,445, reported by 121 as sent

abroad during the year, 176 reported a total of $29,429 retained in this country. Of this total $4,680 was loaned to others, $24,749 deposited in banks or kept in hand. In the number sending money abroad, and especially in the percentage of their gains sent and the disposition of the part retained in this country, the wage-earners present a contrast to the business men. That the business men retained five times as much of their gains in this country as they sent abroad, while the wage-earners retained roughly 14 times as much, and that the business men invested about one-half of the amount retained here, while the investments of the wage-earning class were found to be practically negligible are to be explained by the facts that the business men have much the larger incomes, comparatively fewer wives and children residing abroad to be supported, and have much better opportunities for profitable investment.

Few of the wage-earning classes have property worth as much as $1,000. Of 231 reporting with regard to their wealth, 1 was in debt $200 and 36 had no property other than their personal effects. The remaining 194 had property with an aggregate value of $66,444, an average of $342.49. (General Table 6.) The value of the property owned by 28 of these 194 was estimated at less than $100, by 91 at $100 but less than $250, by 38 at $250 but less than $500, by 23 at $500 but less than $1,000, by 6 at $1,000 but less than $1,500, by 5 at $1,500 but less than $2,500, by 3 at $2,500, $3,500, and $4,000, respectively. (General Table 3.)

SOCIOLOGICAL DATA.

As already stated, the Japanese population of San Francisco was in 1909 estimated at 8,746. In this investigation personal data were secured from 113 business men, 231 wage-earners, and the members of their families living with them, the total number of persons being 443. The 443 embraced 338 males 20 years of age or over; 9 male youths 16 years of age, but under 20; 55 females 20 years of age or over; and 41 children under 16. All of these, save 33 of the children, were foreign-born. (General Tables 7 and 10.)

The majority of the Japanese women have come to the United States in recent years to join their husbands, or to be married upon their arrival. Moreover, most of them are wives of men engaged in business. Only 2 of the 57 (including 2 foreign-born female children) had been in this country 10 years, and 31 had immigrated within the last 5. (General Table 11.) Of 116 males of the business class, 16 years of age or over, 66 are married, and all but 17 of them have their wives with them in this country. Thirty-seven were married previous to their immigration to this country, and 13 of these were accompanied by their wives, while 11 have been joined by them more recently. Twenty-nine of the number investigated have been married subsequent to their first immigration, 19 of them to women coming to this country and 10 while on visits abroad.

Of 231 male wage-earners 16 years of age or over, only 46 are married, and only 9 of these have their wives in this country. Only 3 of

"As against these 41, most of whom had been born in the United States, there were some 63 other offspring of the married couples investigated who had remained in Japan with the mother or other relatives.

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the 46 have married subsequent to their immigration, and 8 of the 9 wives in the United States came with their husbands when they first immigrated, nearly all of them from the Hawaiian Islands. That so comparatively few of the wage-earning class are married, and that so few of those who are married have their wives with them, is explained chiefly by the circumstances under which the wage-earners must live. The members of the business class, on the other hand, having a settled residence and being better established, have contracted marriages more freely, and almost three-fourths of them now have their wives with them in this country. (General Tables 8 and 9.)

The immigration of married women in recent years is indicative of a settled residence in the United States. Many of the Japanese, however, do not expect to remain in this country for an indefinite time. Of the 113 business men 38 signified their intention to remain permanently in this country; 18, including several whose wives were here, to return to Japan; while 57 were in doubt as to what they would eventually do. Of 231 wage-earners, on the other hand, only 34 stated that they expected to remain here permanently, 105 that they expected to return to their native land, 92 that they were in doubt as to what they would eventually do. Of course these answers can be taken only as indicative of the state of mind of the men at the time they were questioned, but they show that a large percentage of the business men, practically all of whom had come as temporary residents, had decided to remain permanently, while one-half of the entire number were in doubt as to what they would do, largely because of the opposition shown to the members of their race and the uncertainties of the future, because of the restrictions upon further immigration of the laboring classes. The number of wage-earners expecting to remain permanently is smaller, yet, in spite of the fact that few have families in this country and that they do not have business interests of importance, one-seventh state that they intend to remain in this country permanently.

Something has been said earlier in this report concerning the character of the lodgings and the cost of meals at the Japanese hotels and boarding houses, and the board and lodgings of the laundry and restaurant employees. The day workers, a large element among the Japanese, usually live in cooperative groups organized among themselves or with shoe repairers. Taking the latter as typical of these groups, it was found that in most instances the day workers contributed a certain amount per month toward the cost of food and drink and for their lodgings, and that the several members of the group, including the cobbler with whom they lived, cooked in turn. Where a wife was present, however, the domestic work was done by her. The cost per month of their board and lodging reported by 12 of these groups was as follows:

The cobblers and the day workers living with them-when there are any doing so―invariably live in rooms connected with the shops. In some instances the rooms are too few and are crowded, and a large percentage of them are neglected and in disorder."

Living in the building sheltering the business conducted is the general rule among the Japanese business classes, except those who have the largest stores. Indeed, there were only some 9 exceptions among the 91 investigated. The employees are usually provided with board and lodging on the premises. Though several cases of overcrowding were found (elsewhere than among laundrymen and "day workers" and cobblers), conditions were not materially different from those which obtain among small shopkeepers generally.

Agents of the Commission collected data relating to the cost of food and drink of families and groups investigated. Excluding those conducting restaurants or other business where the cost is not normal or can not be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy, data were obtained for 347 persons, constituting 140 groups or single individuals. Seven persons, constituting 3 groups, reported the cost as less than $6 per month; 18, constituting 4 groups, as $6 but less than $7; 35, constituting 12 groups, as $7 but less than $8; 65, constituting 23 groups, as $8 but less than $9; 14, constituting 5 groups, as $9 but less than $10; 59, constituting 24 groups, as $10 but less than $12; 93, constituting 41 groups, as $12 but less than $14; and 56, constituting 28 groups, as $14 or over per month. The average cost per person per month was $11.08. Naturally the cost was higher for the single persons eating at restaurants. Eliminating all single persons and retaining only groups of 2 or more, the average for each of the 297 persons was $10.76 per month.

Of 405 foreign-born 10 years of age or over, all but 6 females were literate (General Table 15). All but 6 of 122 foreign-born males 6 years of age or over of the Japanese business class could speak English, and 75, or 53.6 per cent, of the 118 who were 10 years of age or over could read and write the language as well. Of 231 males of the wage-earning class, 200 could speak, 123 could read, and 121 could both read and write English. This fairly general command of English was acquired by some in the schools in this country

• Taking 14 of these groups, the number of persons and the number of rooms occupied (besides the cobbler shop) were as follows:

and by contact with English-speaking persons. The females, few of whom had studied English abroad, few or none of whom had immigrated as students, and who as a class have immigrated more recently than the males and have had little contact with members of the white races, show less proficiency in the use of the English language. Of 57, 6 years of age or over, 32 speak English (General Tables 12 and 13). Of 56, 10 years of age or over, 10 read and 8 both read and write the language.

Many of the Japanese have been trained in the use of English in schools maintained for that purpose in San Francisco. There are, all told, 15 schools for Japanese immigrants. Four of these conducted by American women, however, are not schools in the proper sense of the term, but places where individuals, chiefly well-to-do men and prospective college students, are tutored. The remaining institutions, on the other hand, have regularly organized classes and are conducted primarily for the instruction of adults in the use of English or for teaching the reading and writing of their mother tongue and the history and geography of Japan to Japanese children attending_American public schools. Five of these are conducted by as many Japanese missions; the others by private parties, who, however, usually have the gratuitous services and contributions of others and, in some instances, subsidies from Japanese organizations.

The schools conducted by the five missions are very much alike, so that the following details relating to one would apply, with few changes, to the other four. This particular mission has conducted a school for twenty years in which courses are offered corresponding to the work given in the public schools from primary to the high school grades, mathematics excepted. The principal is assisted by four American women and an equal number of Japanese men. The tuition fee is $1 per month. The number of pupils is about 100. Of 54 attending the afternoon classes, all but 1-a youth of 14-were between 20 and 23 years of age. Fifty of the number were males and 4 females. Most of them had been in the United States only one or two years, and 42 of the 54 were "schoolboys," i. e., domestic servants working a part of the day in return for board and lodging and very small wages. Of the remaining 12, 1 was a reporter, 1 a clerk, 1 an office boy, 1 a nurse, 1 a teacher of Japanese, while the other 7 were not gainfully occupied. Thirty-one males in the night classes belonged to a somewhat different class as regards occupations, but they_were_practically all young men and the majority had been in the United States only one or two years. Three were schoolboys," 14 regular domestics, 2 watchmakers, 2 tailors, 2 laundry hands, 2 house cleaners, 1 a tea packer, 1 a bookkeeper, while 2 were at the time without occupation.

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The most successful of the schools on a private and nonmission basis and conducted primarily for adults may be described as follows: Both elementary and more advanced courses are offered, most of the instruction being in the use of English. The tuition is $2 or $3 per month, according to the courses taken. Most of the pupils are between 19 and 23 years of age and have been in the United States only one or two years. Data were obtained from 71 of some 80 in the classes. All but 2 of these were gainfully employed-50 as "houseworkers," 6 as cooks, 3 as waiters, 5 as clerks in Japanese stores, 3 as