Alcohol Fuels: Hearing Before the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session : Special Hearing |
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Common terms and phrases
acre addition agricultural alcohol fuels alcohol plant alcohol production aldehydes alternative fuels automotive fuel biomass Birch Bayh bushel by-product carburetor cars cellulose chemical coal combustion Committee convert corn cost crop residues crude oil diesel driveability economic effect efficiency emissions energy sources engine ethyl alcohol farm farmers Federal feed fermentation Figure forest fossil fuel fuel consumption fuel economy fuel system fusel oil gallon of ethanol GASOHOL GASOHOL fuel glucose grain alcohol heat higher hydrocarbons improve increase industry intake internal combustion engines lignin materials Methacoal methane methanol blends million gallons mixture motor fuel NAHBE natural gas Nebraska octane number operating percent petroleum potential present problems protein questions ratio reduced Senator BAYH solar energy starch sugar supply synthetic temperature tion United unleaded gasoline USDA utilization vapor vehicles waste wood yeast
Popular passages
Page 82 - That there is hereby established at the seat of Government of the United States a Department of Agriculture, the general design and duties of which shall be to acquire and to diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds and plants.
Page 463 - May 25, 1961, he called for a national program to land a man on the moon and return him safely to earth before the end of the decade.
Page 507 - ... numbers and will be increased by 3 at the 10% ethanol level. As we shall see later this ability to increase octane number adds value to the ethanol because it permits a less costly base stock to be used for blending GASOHOL fuel of an octane number equivalent to unleaded fuel which is normally marketed. A second interesting phenomena that has been found in blending GASOHOL fuel is that anhydrous ethanol and gasoline display a positive volume change on mixing at alcohol levels below about 16 liquid...
Page 29 - The report of the President's Advisory Panel on Timber and the Environment contains valuable recommendations, but in our opinion it places too much emphasis on rapid liquidation of the last of the old growth timber in the national forests.
Page 333 - ... stored, harvested, transported, and put to work. Ultimately, they will also depend upon our ability to produce crops that do not sap the land's productivity and that can resist common diseases, pests, fire, and harsh weather. The most familiar energy crop, of course, is firewood. A good fuel tree has a high annual yield when densely planted, resprouts from cut stumps (coppices), thrives with only short rotation periods, and is generally hardy. Favored species for fuel trees are eucalyptus, sycamore,...
Page 169 - The world's consumption of fuel has become so enormous as to show that our present supplies cannot possibly last for many generations more. "...As an alternative he suggested alcohol: "..a beautifully clean and efficient fuel, which can be produced from vegetable matter of almost any kind. The waste products of our farms are all available, and even the garbage of our cities.
Page 61 - Results indicate a national program would require the production of 10 billion gallons of ethanol to mix with 90 billion gallons of gasoline...
Page 234 - Crude methanol is vaporized at the bottom of the reactor, and passes through the dense fluidized catalyst bed at 775°F and 25 psig. The methanol is converted to hydrocarbons and water. The catalyst is removed from reaction products in a disengager section at the top of the reactor, the reactor effluent is condensed, and the water and hydrocarbon products are separated. To make additional gasoline, propene and butenes can be alkylated with isobutane by conventional petroleum technology. The reactor...
Page 332 - energy crops," will probably be limited to marginal lands, since worldwide population pressures are already relentlessly pushing food producers onto lands ill-suited to conventional agriculture. Yet much potential energy cropland does exist in areas where food production cannot be sustained. Some prime agricultural land could also be employed during the offseason to grow energy crops. For example, winter rye (which has little forage value) could be planted in the American Midwest after the fall corn...
Page 500 - ... per gallon and $1.20 per gallon. The answer is yes. Details are discussed in the following section. ECONOMICS OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM GRAIN The process for converting the starch in grain to ethanol has been known for over 4000 years. Starch is first converted to sugar through the action of enzymes on the grain and the sugar is in turn converted to ethanol with the aid of yeast in an anaeorobic fermentation. Figure 5 is a block-flow diagram for a modern grain alcohol plant. Grain such as corn,...