which it decomposes, contains exactly 0.05 grammes, or 0.77 grains of sugar. Now it is evident that the less of sugar juice required, the greater will be the percentage of sugar, or, in other words, the amount of sugar stands in an inverse ratio to the volume of sugar liquor consumed. If m (quantity sign) cubic centimetres of juice contain 0 05 grammes of sugar, how much do 100 cubic centimetres contain? Equation: m 100 :: 0.05: x x= 100 X 0.05 m = 5 m It follows, then, that we obtain the percentage of sugar in the juice analyzed, by dividing 5 by the number of cubic centimetres necessary for the complete. reduction of the test copper liquor. If the juice was diluted, say with twenty times its volume of water, we have to divide 20 × 5 by the number of cubic centimetres used. Assume that ten cubic centimetres of original juice were required, and that this was likewise mixed with twenty times its bulk of water, then we have: These brief hints are designed to apply to the determination of cane-sugar alone, previously inverted into grape sugar. The simplicity of the process and the slight difficulty attendant upon the procuring of very correct results induced me to insert it for the benefit of manufacturers and others. 3. SUGAR FROM SORGHUM, OR CHINESE SUGAR-CANE. This cane is now generally raised by farmers for home consumption, especially in the western States. From carefully conducted analyses by Dr. Charles Wetherill and others, it appears that native sorghum stems contain usually from two to ten per cent. of cane-sugar, associated with more or less of glucose, which may be the result of the action of an acid inverting a portion or all of the cane-sugai Contrary to my expectations, I found that the expressed sorgho juice of ripe cane, whether neutralized by lime or not, refused to crys tallize, for what solidified or granulated after long standing of the sirup was grape-sugar. This fact has been established by the largest and most skilful farmers and experimenters, and admitted at the western sorghum conventions. The result might be ascribed to the total inversion previously of the cane-sugar by the influence of acid, or of a ferment, but this is not the case, as I have repeatedly been able to prove. The following extreme case may suffice for illustration of this fact: In the sugar determination which is here given, cane-sugar was found, and yet the most persistent efforts failed to produce a single crystal in the concentrated liquid. Determination of cane-sugar and glucose in the sorghum juice.-The cane, somewhat dry, submitted to a pressure of about 10 tons, yielded in 100 parts 39.9 residue and 60 parts juice. Specific gravity of latter 1.0719. (1.) Determination of glucose.-The filtered juice was diluted 20 times with distilled water, and the burette filled. C.: 10 cubic centimetres of copper tartrate were heated in a porcelain dish to 63° to 145° Fahrenheit,† and there was required for reduction— = 1st trial, 27 cubic centimetres. 2d trial, 27 2 cubic centimetres. Mean 5 X 20 = 100 ÷ 27.1 = 27.1 cubic centimetres. 3.69 per cent. *The juice from unripe cane readily crystallizes. This temperature must never be exceeded, that the action of cane sugar upon the copper liquor may be prevented 3.69 × 100 100 cubic centimetres of juice weighs (having a specific gravity of 1.0719) 107.2 grammes; 107.2 grammes juice hence contain = 3.45 per cent. of sugar. Then, since the cane yielded 40 per cent. residue and 60 per cent. juice, the cane contained 3.45 X 100 2.07 per cent. of glucose. (2.) Determination of cane-sugar.-Fifty cubic centimetres of juice were mixed with some 50 drops of sulphuric acid, and boiled for about one hour to convert the caue sugar into glucose. The liquid was carefully neutralized with carbonate of soda, and then, after being diluted 20 times, brought in coutact with the boiling copper solution: 1st experiment, 48 cubic centimetres was required. 2d experiment, 4.6 cubic centimetres was required. Mean The specific gravity of the sugary juice being 1.0719, 100 cubic centimetres sugar liquor weigh 107.2 grammes; hence one hundred cubic centime 21.28 X 100 = 19.85 107.2 per tres of juice contain cent. of glucose. Again, since the cane furnished 40 per cent. residue, and 60 per cent. juice, the cane must 19.85 × 60 originally contain 100 11.91 per cent. of glucose; deducting the quantity of glucose first obtained, 2.07, from 11.91, we have 9.84 per cent. of glucose, which, as 100 parts of glucose correspond to 95 parts cane-sugar, represents 10.31 per cent. of cane-sugar. a series of experiments was instituted soon after this determination, in the hope of removing the hindrance to crystallization. Although unable thus far to report any method which can be deemed practical, it was demonstrated that the basic acetate of lead, and several other metallic salts, will remove the medium member between sugar and gum which causes this hindrance. 4. ASSAY OF SILVER ORE FROM THE "ISAAC NEWTON LODE," UTAH TERRITORY. $70 78 This silver-bearing quartz was plentifully flecked with malachite, (carbonate of copper,) and yielded, upon assay, to the ton of 2,240 lbs.. Another specimen, evidently inferior to the first, gave... 5. ANALYSIS OF SAND ROCK, IMPREGNATED WITH THICK AND HEAVY LEUM, SAID TO COME FROM MECCA, OHIO. 56 64 PETRO Calculated from the specific gravity of the oil,(.9,) compared with that of water,(1,) it follows that one ton (2,000 lbs.) of the above sand contains about 20 gallons of lubricating oil. A practical distillation gave the following results. One hundred parts by weight yie.ded The oil obtained by distillation was also measured, and the amount contained in one ton of sand calculated. The result showed 11.28 gallons of oil. It will be perceived that by the process of distillation we sustain considerable loss, partly in the form of coke deposited in the retort, and partly by the decomposition of the heavy paraffine oils at a high temperature. Hence, it would appear advisable to procure the oil by an extractive process, such, for instance, as has recently been patented by H. P. Gengembre, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, using for that purpose the cheap light petroleum naphtha, which, after having dissolved out of the rock all the heavy oil, can be driven off, recondensed and used again. An analysis later made from a similar specimen from Leavenworth, Indiana, by this process, gave for this rock, by the ton, 39.4 gallons. 6. ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA WINE. This is in some respects a superior specimen of the California wines, containing but a trace of free sugar, and having evidently passed through all the stages of fermentation. Flavor good, though somewhat earthy, a peculiarity which can be removed by the improvement of the soil. Bouquet marked, showing complete fermentation. Color, reddish pale brown. It will be observed that the amount of extractive matters exceeds that of the majority of continental wines ; a good property, since in well-cellared wines all the substances found in the extract add to their excellences. It contained Alcohol, by volume... 15.00 per cent. Alcohol, by weight.. Acid, calculated as dry tartaric. Extract, at 212°, consisting of sugar, salts, coloring matter, non-volatile free acids, &c.... Free sugar.... a trace. 7. ANALYSIS OF A MAGNETIC IRON ORE, FROM WEST VIRGINIA. 8. DETERMINATION OF OXALIC ACID AND MALIC ACID IN THE PETIOLES OF THE GARDEN RHUBARB (RHÈUM RHAPÓNTICUM.) Bin-oxalate of potassa. Acid malate of potassa.. 0.20 per cent. 1.45 66 The root yields tannin, gallic acid, malate, gallate and oxalate of lime, starch, sulphate, and muriate of iron, and extractive and coloring matter containing oxide of iron, &c., &c. 9. DETERMINATION OF THE PHOSPHORIC ACID AND ALKALIES IN THREE SOILS FROM LAND OWNED BY W. D. SHEPHERD, ESQ., OF WASHINGTON, D. C., AND SAID TO BEAR NEITHER GRASSES NOR CLOVER. SOIL C. Soluble in water. Phosphoric acid. 4.90 0.085 66 per cent. no trace. NOTE-A preliminary examination having demonstrated the leading defects of these soils, the analyses were conducted with special reference to them alone. 10. ANALYSIS OF COPPER PYRITES FROM MARYLAND. Metallic copper... 4.60 per cent. 95.40 100.00 12. ANALYSIS OF A SOIL FROM THE VICINITY OF UTICA, NEW YORK. Organic matter and moisture Insoluble silicious matter Soluble silica.. Chlorine.... Peroxide of iron and alumina. Lime.... Magnesia... Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid... 14.021 7.692 8.556 4.754 2 521 0.243 0.160 0.190 0.005 2.920 57.913 1.025 100.000 8.170 81.000 0.497 0.002 9.413 0.290 trace. 0 043 0.100 0.070 trace. trace. 0.415 100.000 13. ANALYSIS OF COPPER ORE FROM DAVIS'S FARM, WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND' The ore sent came from the surface rock, and was a mixture of red oxide, blue and green carbonate, together with sulphuret of copper, all associated together, even in small pieces of the gangue rock, which was made up of quartz and epidote. The amount of metallic copper therein found was 27.75 per cent.. 14 ANALYSIS OF COPPER ORE FROM THE LAND OF THOS. A. BROWN, WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND. One hundred parts of the ore contained The ore occurred in quartz, had the color and lustre of graphite, and, as the analysis shows, is almost pure copper glance, or sulphuret of copper. 15. ANALYSIS OF COPPER ORE FROM THE LAND OF DAVID WINTERS, WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND. Character of the ore same as the preceding. In one hundred parts it contained Sulphur. Copper. 20 44 79.01 0.55 100.00 I may state that, in connexion with these and other analyses of copper ores, I made quite an extended personal examination of the "South mountain copper region of western Maryland," the results of which were embodied in a special report published soon after 16. ANALYSIS OF A SOIL FROM ARKANSAS, WELL ADAPTED FOR THE GROWTH OF |