The shorter term prisoners should be treated apart from those with longer sentences in order that a régime or course of training appropriate to the latter, but not possible with the former, may be applied. The various classifications of prisoners should be located separately, and where possible in different buildings on the same ground under one administrative head. It is difficult to apply the necessary individual treatment of prisoners where the number in any one establishment exceeds 500. Fourth Question. What is the best way of organizing the institution of the "pécule" in the case of adult prisoners and its utilization during and after detention? How should the control, the management and the use of sums allowed to young offenders, be it as wages or as a gratuity or otherwise, be organized while they are undergoing some sentence? Resolution. Though the State is under no obligation to pay for work compulsorily performed by prisoners, it is desirable that it should encourage them to work well by offering a recompense. Where this recompense takes the form of pecuniary payment, it should not be liable to seizure, nor (as a rule) should the prisoner be allowed to dispose of it in making outside payments-except perhaps in the case of serious illness in his family where no gratuitous aid is procurable, or in the case of poverty of his family. This provision. should not apply to money brought in by the prisoner or acquired by him during his sentence from outside sources. It is desirable that the gratuity (whether augmented by rewards for good work or not) should be utilized, inter alia, for the purpose of repaying the liabilities of the prisoner both to the State and to his victims after fair and reasonable provision has been made for prisoner's wife and family. The prisoner on discharge should not be at liberty to deal with his gratuity as he chooses. It should be regarded as in the hands of trustees who will expend it for him as seems best in his real interest. Minors should be able to earn an amount sufficient to constitute a small capital for them on attaining their majority. The precaution against squandering this should be applied even more strictly than in the case of adults. SECTION III.-PREVENTION. First Question. What would be the most effective way to organize the control by the State, by associations or private persons, over criminals conditionally convicted or conditionally discharged (on parole or on licence)? Resolution. The control of persons put on probation or conditionally released should not be in the hands of the police. This control should be exercised either by private societies financially supported and supervised by the State, or by official or semi-official organizations, for D 4 instance by persons paid by the State and placed at the disposal of the Courts without connection with the police. For all persons put on probation, or released conditionally, supervision should be obligatory. Submission to supervision should be voluntary only when the sentence has been completed. It is recommended that international agreement should be fostered between central organisms of the different countries to provide for released persons who go to a country other than that in which they were sentenced. Second Question. Can more effective arrangements be made between different States in the struggle to protect themselves against international criminals? Resolution. The struggle against international criminals would be facilitated if different States could agree to allow direct inter-communication between the judicial and police authorities of different countries with a view to the speedier arrest of offenders of certain classes, or the exchange of information with respect to dangerous criminals. Each State should appoint a Central Police Authority authorized to. communicate directly and without needless complications with the corresponding authorities in other States. (1) Third Question. What is the best method to preserve the community, especially youth, from the corruptive influence of pictures, and in particular from film productions which incite to crime or immorality? Resolution. A. An effective film censorship should be set up in every country with the primary object of protecting youth. It is necessary to take special measures and to inspect cinemas to ensure the carrying out of the decisions of the censorship. The censorship should not be confined to questions of obscenity, but should deal with all matters connected with the cinema, calculated to injure or deprave the young. Special exhibitions with special films should be provided for young persons. The State should subsidise organizations for the production of films which are of real value for young people and the general public. The question of the film is one of international interest and should therefore be dealt with and regulated by international agreement. Each country should do all that is possible to prevent the exportation of films condemned by its own censorship. B. As regards pictures other than films, every State should accelerate as much as possible the enforcement of the provisions of the International Convention relating to obscene publications of September, 1923. (1) Besides, the opinion was expressed by the Section that as to the law of extradition, the time has not yet come to attempt the conclusion of a universal Extradition Treaty, but that it is more desirable at present to draw up a draft-treaty which might serve as a model for special treaties between individual contracting States. Fourth Question. What are the measures to be taken with regard to abnormal adults (persons who are feeble-minded, mentally deficient), showing dangerous tendencies? Are these measures applicable to young persons of the same category? Resolution. It is desirable that abnormal adults showing dangerous tendencies should be sent by the judicial authorities to non-penal institutions or colonies in which they should be subject to an appropriate treatment and detained until conditionally discharged by the competent authority, who would be assisted by a committee of experts. Young persons of the same category should be similarly dealt with, but in separate institutions if prophylactic measures have failed. Conditional discharge, effective probation and close supervision of abnormal persons who have been liberated from institutions are an absolutely necessary measure. From the point of view of public welfare it is essential to develop institutions for mental hygiene and prophylaxy, which would allow to discover in time each case of abnormality and mental defect. Fifth Question. In what cases, and according to what rules is it advisable to have recourse to the "boarding-out system for children summoned before a Judge or who have incurred punishment for delinquency? Resolution. Children brought before the Courts and convicted of offences should be, where possible, boarded out in selected families in all cases where their parents are incapable of providing for their moral education. In boarding out the aim of reforming the children for life should always be kept in view. This method should only be employed where a complete preliminary examination of the child from the physical, mental and moral point of view has been made and has not shown it to be desirable that he should be placed in a therapeutic institution or an industrial or reformatory school. It is desirable in the choice and supervision of foster-parents to make use of the services of either local authorities or of recognised private societies. Moreover, the rights and obligations of the foster-parents should be regulated by a written agreement. The foster-family should provide for the child a complete education and a training to earn his living. It is right that the family should be paid for the trouble and expense, but as soon as the child is able to earn his living he should receive fair wages for his work. It is necessary that the foster-family, as well as the intermediary societies, should be under public control. It would be useful to establish special courses of lectures and conferences dealing with the fundamental principles of the education of delinquent children, and in choosing foster-parents to give preference to those persons who have attended, with profit, such lectures and conferences. (1) (1) Besides, a motion is adopted to recommend that boarding out should be advised in every case where possible, not only for children who are dealt with by justice, but also in the case of children who are morally abandoned." APPENDIX No. 4. List of Educational Advisors to Governors of Local Prisons. Professor E. de Selincourt, M.A., D.Litt., Professor of English Language and Literature, Birmingham University ... ... J. H. Nicholson, Esq., M.A., Director of Extra- Prison. Bedford. ... Birmingham. Bristol. ... Cardiff. ... W. J. Pate, Esq., B.A., National Secretary Cardiff (Women's side). ... ... Dorchester. F. W. Ibbett, Esq., Director of Education for Professor S. H. Watkins, M.A., Ph.D., S. J. Gillett, Esq., A.F.I., Chairman of the C. H. Gore, Esq., M.A., Headmaster, Hymers ... Professor John Strong, C. B. E., M.A., LL.D., F. P. Armitage, Esq., M.A., Director of Education, Leicester J. O. Peet, Esq., H.M. Inspector, Lincoln 8. Dumbell, Esq., Liverpool University Miss Parry, Liverpool University. E. Salter Davies, Esq., M.A., Director of H. P. Turner, Esq., M.A., LL.B., External Manchester. B. H. Barber, Esq., J.P. Norwich. APPENDIX No. 4-continued. List of Educational Advisors to Governors of Local Prisons-cont. Name. Professor R. Peers, M.A., Director of Extra- E. Sewell Harris, Esq., M.A., B. Sc., Organising ... Prison. Nottingham. ... Oxford. T. Harvey Searls, Esq., M.A., British Institute of Adult Education ... ... ... E. St. John Catchpool, Sub-Warden, Toynbee W. H. Perkins, Esq., Education Department, ... Pentonville. Portsmouth. Preston. J. Milne West, Esq., M.A., The School, Professor F. A. Cavenagh, Professor of Education, University College, Swansea ... Beresford Ingram, Esq., Education Department, London County Council Professor A, A. Cock, B.A., Professor of Education and Philosophy, University College of Southampton Wandsworth. Professor T. P. Nunn, M.A., D.Sc., Principal, |