This bag terminates in the orifice of the urethra, at the elevation in the middle of the apertures of the seminal duct. This middle bag can not be considered to be anything else but uterus masculinus, first discovered by E. F. Weber in other animals and in man, being in the ure of such a proportionately colossal size as has hitherto not been found in any other animal. Whence the immense amount of matter contained in it originates, and what function it performs, could not be ascertained. The uterus masculinus is also found in the domestic cattle, in which it forms only a small bladder of about the size of a bean, terminating in ducts in the orifice of the urethra.

The pregnancy of the Ure cow lasts nine months, (not seven months. only, as was stated in the "Isis," 1831, No. 4; and, therefore, the common cattle can not be descended from the Ure. The Ure grows until he is eight years old, and may attain to the age of forty years. If bred to the domestic cattle, the offspring is fruitful, and several favorable crossings have taken place in the vicinity of the Bialowesch forests, since it was supposed that a race of powerful cattle might he produced in this way, and for that region. Such crosses produced there of late are said to be of a beautiful form, quite tame, very courageous and powerful.

6. The domestic or common ox (bos taurus) is found all over the world, but was introduced into America from Europe. He is domesticated every. where, and variously degenerated.

In the East Indies there is an ox similar to him, and of the same size, being called Gayall or Gyall (bos frontalis.) He is brown, with a gray streak on the forehead and back, but the feet and end of the tail are white. He lives in a wild state upon the wooded hills in north-eastern portion of Bengal, and prefers the young branches of trees to grass; he is very courageous, is much easier tamed than the buffalo, is adapted to the draught, and the cow gives a considerable quantity of milk. If paired with the common bull, she produces a fertile offspring.

The zebu (Bos taurus indicus), according to Buffon, is said to be a descendant of the Ure ox, but according to others, of the domestic cattle. This ox likewise possesses thirteen pairs of ribs. The zebu has one or two humps on the back, which, according to more recent investigations, do not consist of fat, as was formerly supposed, but are nothing else than the peculiarly and largely developed muscles of the shoulder blades. The zebus are mostly gray or white, but there are also red and speckled, small and large, horned and hornless ones. They run as fast as horses, and are, therefore, used as roadsters. They form the common cattle in all India, Persia, Arabia, Madagascar, and Africa. They are shod and harnessed like horses, and are led by a line drawn through the partition wall of the nostrils.

Their flesh is not as good as that of the domestic cattle with which they are bred. The hump vanishes entirely after several generations have been interbred with the domestic cattle.

7. The grunting ox, Yak (Bos grunniens) has likewise a hump between the shoulders; he has long hair and a tail like the horse, containing many fine, silky hairs. He has a thick mane along the back, and the flanks and sides of the belly are covered with long, bushy hairs, spread over half the length of the legs. He has fourteen pairs of ribs, utters a monotonous grunting, and is found in Thibet and China, where they are kept in large numbers. The meat is excellent. He is not well adapted for work. His hair is manufactured into shawls. The tail is used as ornaments of the Turkish standards.

From the above it appears that the origin of the domesticated cattle and their original native country is, as yet, not fully ascertained. Formerly the ure was considered the parent of the same, but this is improbable on account of the anatomical differences between the ure and the common cattle. Bones of an ox, somewhat larger than the common ox, but otherwise bearing a striking resemblance to it, have been found deeply imbedded in the earth. In this case the common cattle were thus a special kind, and their ancestors extinct in Europe. As far as the accounts of history and zoological analogy go, several species of cattle have always been domestic animals, which are often mentioned in the Bible, as well as by secular authors, but their native country is Asia.

DEFINITION OF RACE, TRIBE, KIND, ETC.

When the numerous specimens of cattle in the different climates and on the different soils are more closely examined, they present many internal and external differences. These differences have ever led to a division of the cattle extant into various groups-races, tribes, kinds and varieties, in order to comprise all that is homogeneous under one head; and on the other hand again, to examine and describe each separately. We retain the old divisions, but will give here the following definitions of race, tribe, kind, &c.

The species cattle is first divided into races. By race we understand a number of animals of the same species distinguished from others, a, by the same form of body, size and color (external appearance); b, by the same qualities in respect to their usefulness and productions (internal worth and character); and c, by the power or ability of transmitting these peculiar qualities, external and internal characteristics, to their offspring. These qualities combined form the character, or type of race,

Those peculiar qualities have originated, in the course of time, from the

original animals extant and the effects of natural influences-soil, climate, nutriment and local conditions. The Podolish-Hungarian cattle is supposed to be the only pure original race yet existing.

Tribe is a subdivision of race. A race is generally divided into several tribes. The animals belonging to a tribe possess a definite equality in respect to their internal and external characteristics-form, size, color and useful qualities, as well as those belonging to a race; yet in each tribe there may be found qualities peculiar to it, by which it is distinguished from other kindred tribes. It likewise possesses the capability of transmitting these characteristics of the tribe to its descendants. The peculiarities of the tribe are formed by other conditions of the soil, climate and locality, and also by special artificial influences, such as the methods of feeding, keeping and using the animals. Instance:-the cattle tribes of the Ukrane, Moldavia, Vollhynia, Wallachia, Crimea, &c., all belong to the PodolishHungarian race, and in a strict sense, they represent, with several others, the whole numerous race. Instances in detail:-the Montafan and Allgau cattle are individual tribes of the brown-gray mountain race, as representatives of which the Schwyz cattle is to be considered.

Kind or breed is a further subdivision of (the) tribe, and is to be considered from two points of view.

In the one case a tribe may be divided into many kinds, which have been formed through specifically different conditions of the soil and methods of feeding and using the animals, or by the particular fancy or tendency of breeding pursued by the owner, in regard to the form, color and purpose for which the animals are to be used. Therefore the natural breeds are mostly found at the boundary lines of the territories in which the races or tribes are generally spread, where the specific influences just named have a more powerful effect than in or near the central points. Such kinds of animals may still possess the same peculiar form and size, and also the useful qualities, and power of sure hereditary transmission as the original stock animals. Instance :-the cattle kind of the Cossacks at the Dor and Kubar, of Astrachan and the Volga districts, are always kinds belonging to the Podolish-Hungarian race and tribes already mentioned. On a smaller scale, the so-called Cloisterdale and Walsdale cattle form two breeds of the Montain tribe. At the furthermost line of the territory where they are at home, and when transferred into territories naturally less suitable for them, the type of the tribe may gradually be changed, and the certain hereditary transmission of their qualities be impaired, according to the unfavorable local conditions and a less suitable system of feeding and using the animals, so that their value for further

breeding in-and-in, or a crossing for certain purposes with other races, is at least very problematical.

Such breeds are often very difficult to classify, because, according to their peculiarities, they may be numbered among several tribes or breeds. The formation of a kind, or rather breed, may also take place in another way, namely, by the intermixture of the blood of animals of different races, or in other words, by cross breeding. When individuals of different races or tribes are bred together, the result will be mixed productions, mongrels or agricultural bastards, which are only half-bloods in the beginning, but gradually, if bred together continually among themselves, they will in the course of time assume a fixed type. If such crosses are bred in a certain tendency, and fed, kept and used for certain purposes, it is much easier to produce animals in larger numbers, which will possess a fixed type of breed after the lapse of a certain period of time, but temporarily only; for animals of such breeds will lack, in their first generations, the capability of transmitting their qualities with certainty; and hence the opinion that animals belonging to a particular kind, do not possess the power of certain hereditary transmission, and, therefore, are deemed less valuable for breeding purposes. But, after the lapse of a period of time, a breed formed in this way will attain constancy in the hereditary transmission, and this the sooner and more certainly the more the production of the new breed is furthered by a systematical method of breeding, keeping, feeding and using the animals, and by a favorable soil and climate. From such limited breeds very extensive kinds, and even tribes and races, may originate in the course of time. Instance:-the Triesdorf resp. Ansbach tribes, and almost all of the recent English breeds of cattle. But if such amalgamations of tribes occur among the animals ad libitum, or are not judiciously regulated, or if they are not kept fed and used for that purpose, such animals will not retain their fixity or permanence of type for a long period of time, and a constancy of certain hereditary transmission can scarcely be expected from them. Instance: Many poor breeds of so-called native cattle, in which the mongrel character will always be presented.

Finally, by family is understood the near related offspring of one and the same pair of parents which were continually used as breeders among themselves.

Instead of family, the term cattle staple may also be used, and is used, locally however, in many parts of the European continent.

By a continued breeding in the family according to properly applied principles of breeding, distinct breeds may gradually be produced.

What is understood by intermediate tribe or race, is apparent from what has been said on tribes. This term designates such tribes as have been

produced by the continued amalgamation of two or more races, tribes or breeds, and thus possess the qualities of them in common.

Lastly, a VARIETY presents striking variations only from any type of race, which appear like freaks of nature, and sometimes are constantly transmitted, so that if such animals are consistently bred among themselves, distinct breeds may successively be produced. Such varieties are represented by the so-called polled breeds cattle of England and other countries.

ORIGIN OF RACES.

The development of animals is dependent upon the soil and local conditions where they live. Vegetation on which cattle must live, depends on the condition of the soil, moisture and climate; and on this-the nature of the soil, the prevailing temperature and other things—all animals, and also cattle are depending as long as they live in a free state of nature, wholly independent of the influence of man.

All races of cattle formed in this way are thus to be considered natural races, in contradistinction to other races whose peculiar qualities were produced by artificial influences, and which, therefore, may be designated as cultivated races.

Origin of natural races.—It remains, of course, uncertain whether our domestic cattle, when they gradually originated among the order of creatures, were equal at all places where they were created, and were changed successively, or whether they presented different characteristics from the commencement? Be that as it may, this much is certain that in the long period of time which has elapsed until our day, they gradually assumed, through external influences, the various properties shown at the present day. The soil, climate, nutriment and other things, certainly exerted their influence upon the formation of natural races.

The soil has an influence upon the formation of races, in so far as every where on good, fertile and sufficiently moist ground, there will spring up a luxuriant and nutritive vegetation, securing during all seasons a wholesome and suitable nutriment for the animals existing there. Where there exists such a vegetation, large, powerful cattle originate, which will fatten easily and produce much milk. But a dry, sandy soil will produce a smaller number of plants, and few varieties only; they are generally not sufficiently nutritive, and hence in such regions there are found small and light cattle excelling neither by their copious production of milk, nor their fattening qualities. The nature of the soil exerts a very great influence, so that animals living in an uneven, mountainous country, possess more powerful limbs, and are more agile and enduring in their locomotion; further, they have well-developed lungs, so that their functions are appropriate to