HISTORY AND ART OF TEACHING.

Instruction is given by means of lectures during one term of the Senior year to the students of the Classical School. Others who expect to teach, or who are interested in the subject, are allowed to attend the lectures.

The object of the course is to make the student acquainted with the most important educational theories and their place in history, and to introduce him to the study of the science and art of teaching. The principal educational classics are considered, and such practical work is done by reports and discussions as the time permits.

In addition to the maintenance of a satisfactory standing in their prescribed and elective studies, regular attendance upon the lectures and upon the examinations in optional subjects is required.

ELECTIVE COURSES.

COURSE IN AGRICULTURE.

The object of this course is to provide a broad scientific training, which is now recognized as essential to the best life on the farm. The major studies of this course include Applied Agriculture, Biology, Botany and Entomology.

AGRICULTURE.-The study of the principles of scientific agriculture and their application to the different lines of farm practice, is continued throughout both the Junior and Senior years. The elements contained in the atmosphere and soil being the basis of all vegetable and animal life, the student is instructed in the transformations which take place in these elements in the production of farm products, in the growth and improvement of animals, and in the principles which govern their conversion into products of the highest economic value.

While suitable text-books are used, the instruction, in both the principles and their application, is imparted mainly by lectures.

ANIMAL BIOLOGY.-In the Freshman year the students in Agriculture pursue Zoology two hours a week, the second term, reciting with the other students of the Scientific School.

In the Junior and Senior years, Fall and Winter terms, students in Agriculture devote two morning hours and two afternoons a week to General Biology, as follows: General Biology of Plants, first half Fall term, Junior year; General Biology of Animals, second half of same term; Invertebrate Zoology, Winter term.

Vertebrate Zoology and Comparative Embryology, in the Fall term, Senior year; Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals and Economic Zoology in the Winter term.

For further details see the fuller description of these courses under the Course in Biology. While students in Agriculture devote less time to biological subjects than is required of regular students in Biology, with whom they meet, the portions of the work to which they give attention are chosen with especial reference to their needs. The study of the anatomy of domestic animals is furthered by demonstrations from a fine Auzoux model of the horse.

BOTANY. In the second term of the Junior year, the students examine with the compound microscope the minute structure of the leaves, stems, roots, flowers and seeds of various plants. The accompanying class-room exercises consist of recitations upon, and elaborations of, the work pursued in the laboratory.

During the third term the microscopic study of plants is continued, time being taken for making an herbarium of fifty species of flowering plants, named and neatly mounted.

In the second term of the Senior year a course of lectures is given upon vegetable physiology, and laboratory exercises are continued with ferns, mosses, lichens, algæ, etc. During the third term special attention is given to the various kinds of parasitic fungi, including rusts, mildews, moulds and blights so destructive to crops.

ENTOMOLOGY.-In the third term of the Junior year a knowledge of the external and internal structure of insects and of their physiology will be given, and especial attention will be paid to those features which have a bearing on the applied or economic side of the science. In the Senior year, an outline of the classification will be

explained, and the orders will be taken up separately; the most injurious insects in each order serving as types. The collection contains examples of these in all their stages, and the laboratory work will be largely directed to the practical handling of and dealing with the insects in all forms. Insecticides and insecticide machinery will be taken up in the last term and the underlying principles of their successful use will be taught. Smith's "Economic Entomology" will be used as a text.

For students of Agriculture, not candidates for a degree, provision has been made for College instruction by means of the College Extension system, and in a winter lecture course of six weeks at the College.

COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.

During the last three years the students in this course are instructed in Descriptive Geometry, Analytic Geometry, Railroad Curves, Differential and Integral Calculus, Analytic Mechanics, Hydromechanics, Civil-Engineering, Bridge-Building and Geodesy, and have practice two afternoons a week in Draughting, with Exercises and Problems in Geometrical Constructions, in Descriptive Geometry, Topographical, Mechanical and Architectural Drawing and in Graphical Statics.

These subjects, with the exception of Geodesy, are taught by means of text-books, supplemented with numerous practical examples in Descriptive Geometry, Analytic Geometry, Railroad Curves, Differential and Integral Calculus, Statics, Kinematics and Kinetics, Hydrostatics and Hydrokinetics, Roofs and Bridges. Geodesy is taught by means of lectures, including many practical examples from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, which the student is required to work out. He is taught how to measure base-lines and reduce them to the sea-level, how to measure angles and adjust them by the method of least squares, and how to compute latitudes, longitudes and azimuths from the field notes. The object of this course is to ground the student well in mathematics, and to give him a substantial knowledge of the theory of civil-engineering.

COURSE IN CHEMISTRY.

During the last three years, students in this course are instructed in General, Experimental and Agricultural Chemistry, Crystallography, Blowpipe Analysis, Descriptive and Determinative Mineralogy, Analytical, Organic, Applied and Theoretical Chemistry.

The course of study depends, to some extent, upon the student's future pursuit in life.

EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY is taught in the recitation-room by carefully-conducted quizzes and full work in the laboratory. The student's first and general knowledge of chemistry is obtained by his own observation.

BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS comprises the study of the various reactions and the analysis of a number of substances. Laboratory work is accompanied with constant quizzing in the recitation-room.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY is taught from a text-book fully illustrated by experimental lectures, during two terms of the Sophomore year.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY begins in the third term of Sophomore

year.

In the first and second terms of Junior year the subject is continued by those in the Chemical Course only. The student is constantly questioned and expected to show a thorough knowledge of all principles developed in the text-book. He also is given imaginary problems and taught how to plan an investigation with carbon compounds, thereby gaining a theoretical knowledge of the methods of research in this subject. Laboratory work follows in the Senior year. The lectures are accompanied by full experimental illustrations.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.-The student commences with experiments on bodies of known composition, performing those experiments that characterize common, simple substances, until he is perfectly familiar with the reactions, both theoretically and experimentally, the theoretical part being considered in the class-room. Then complicated bodies are examined, until most difficult substances are readily analyzed.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS is taught in a similar way. The student first analyzes substances of known composition until perfectly familiar with the peculiar manipulation in this subject. Then he proceeds to substances of unknown composition. Through one College year, instruction is given, with recitations and questionings during the first

term.

STOICHIOMETRY is taught by lecture, recitation and black-board

drill.

APPLIED CHEMISTRY.-The application of Chemistry to the arts and manufactures is taught by lectures and text-book. Whenever it is practicable, the actual products are exhibited to the students, and the manufacturing processes reproduced in miniature. Attention is drawn to the scientific relations and connections between the various manufactures. The great losses by imperfect methods of manufacture and by waste products are pointed out, and the student is taught to see the true economy of production. Illustrative of the lectures, visits are made to various manufacturing establishments, of which there are a number in and about New Brunswick, and an opportunity is given to see manufacturing operations in actual working.

PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES of Chemistry having recently developed in a very remarkable way, form a most important branch of Chemistry. Accordingly, the subject extends throughout the Senior year.

THESIS. After finishing experimental organic chemistry, the student takes up work for his thesis chosen by him, but subject to the approval of the instructor.

MINERALOGY is taught in the Junior year. In the second term there is a course of lectures in Descriptive Mineralogy, in explanation of a text-book, in which the general characters of minerals are discussed, and some of the most important species are carefully studied. Special attention is paid to CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, as being one of the most distinguishing characteristic, and therefore much used in Determinative Mineralogy, which occupies the third term. In this part of the course the student learns to make the tests by which minerals are