employer and his workmen may take cognizance of the disputes, while in some States the disputes are referred to the courts. In all cases

an appeal, sometimes only on certain phases of questions involved, may be had to the courts. Where the courts are charged with the settlement of disputes, it may be provided that proceedings shall be summary, or that juries may be dispensed with in such cases.

NONRESIDENT ALIEN BENEFICIARIES.

The provisions of the laws as to beneficiaries residing abroad are quite various, some of the laws giving them the same standing as other beneficiaries, others excluding them entirely, while still others permit persons only of certain degrees of kinship to receive benefits or limit the amounts payable to nonresidents.

ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE LAWS.

In order to facilitate the study and comparison of the compensation laws of the various States, they are analyzed in the following pages according to a uniform outline designed to show clearly the most important features of the several plans. The outline followed here is the one also used in another part of this Bulletin where under the title "Workmen's compensation laws of foreign countries" the various foreign laws as now existing are summarized.

ARIZONA.

Date of enactment. June 8, 1912; in effect September 1, 1912; amended May 13, 1913, in effect October 1, 1913.

Injuries compensated. All accidental injuries causing disability of at least two weeks, or death, arising out of and in the course of the employment, caused in whole, or in part, or contributed to, by a necessary risk or danger of, or inherent in the nature of the employment, or by failure of the employer or his agents to exercise due care or to comply with any law affecting the employment.

Industries covered. All especially dangerous employments, including the construction, operation and maintenance of steam and street railroads, using or working near explosives, building work using iron or steel frames or hoists, derricks, or ladders or scaffolds 20 or more feet above ground; telegraph, telephone or other electrical work; work in mines, quarries, tunnels, subways, etc.; all mills, shops, and factories using power machinery. Industries declared especially dangerous are specified in law. Elective as to other industries.

Persons compensated. Private employment: All employees in industries covered. Public employment: No provision.

Burden of payment. Entire cost rests upon the employer.

Compensation for death.

(a) To persons wholly dependent, a lump sum equal to 2,400 times one-half the daily wages or earnings of the deceased employee, but not to exceed $4,000. Payments to children cease on reaching the age of 18 years.

(b) If no dependents, the reasonable expenses of medical attendance and burial of deceased employee.

Compensation for disability.

(a) For total disability, 50 per cent of the employee's semimonthly earnings during the time he is unable to work at any gainful occupation.

(b) For partial disability, a semimonthly payment equal to one-half the wage decrease.

(c) The total amount of payments for total or partial disability caused by a single injury not to exceed $4,000.

Revision of benefits. Examinations as to the nature of injury and degree of incapacity, etc., may be required by either party at intervals of not less than three months. Insurance. The employer may insure provided the liability for compensation is not less than the compensation fixed by law.

Security of payments. A judgment for compensation issued by a court is collectible without relief from valuation or appraisement laws and has the same preferential claim as is allowed by law for unpaid wages or personal services.

Settlement of disputes. Disputes may be settled by (a) written agreement between the parties, (b) arbitration, or (c) by reference to the attorney general of the State, in case of failure or refusal to agree by any of the modes above provided, then by a civil action at law.

30597°-Bull. 126-14- 4

CALIFORNIA.

Date of enactment. April 8, 1911; in effect September 1, 1911; amended May 26, 1913, in effect January 1, 1914.

Injuries compensated. Injuries arising out of and in the course of employment causing disability for more than two weeks, or death, and not the result of the intoxication or willful misconduct of the injured employee.

Industries covered. All except agriculture and domestic service.

Persons compensated. Private employment: Every person in the service of an employer for hire, including aliens, apprentices, and members of employer's family who perform labor, excepting casual laborers. Public employment: Persons employed by the State and its political subdivisions, and all public corporations. Burden of payment. Entire cost rests upon the employer.

Compensation in case of death.

(a) To persons wholly dependent, 3 times the annual earnings of the deceased employee; not less than $1,000 nor more than $5,000, payable at least monthly in installments equal to 65 per cent of the wages. Payments to children cease on reaching the age of 18 years, unless mentally or physically incapacitated for earning a living.

(b) If only partial dependents survive, such proportion of the above as corresponds to the ratio between the earnings of the deceased and his contribution to their support.

(c) If no dependents, the reasonable expense of burial, not exceeding $100. Compensation for disability.

(a) Reasonable medical, surgical, and hospital treatment required during the first 90 days after the injury.

(b) For temporary total disability 65 per cent of average weekly earnings during such disability.

(c) For temporary partial disability 65 per cent of weekly loss of wages during such disability.

(d) The aggregate amount of benefits for a single injury causing temporary disability is limited to three times the annual earnings of the injured person, with a maximum benefit period of 240 weeks.

(e) For permanent disability 65 per cent of average weekly earnings, for periods varying from 40 to 240 weeks, according to the degree of disability. After the expiration of 240 weeks, a further benefit varying from 10 to 40 per cent of the weekly earnings is payable during the remainder of life, when the degree of disability reaches or exceeds 70 per cent.

In case of permanent incapacity or death, a lump sum may be substituted for benefits, such lump sum to equal the present value of the benefits computed at 6 per cent.

Revision of benefits. Decisions and awards may be reviewed at any time during the first 245 weeks, after legal notice received.

Insurance. A State insurance fund is created under State control for the purpose of insuring employers against liability. Employers may effect insurance for liability for accident with any insurance company. Municipalities are required to insure in the State fund, unless the risk is refused.

Security of payments. A claim for injury or death of an employee or any award shall have the same preference over other unsecured debts as is given by law to claims for wages, but not so as to impair a lien of a previous award.

Settlement of disputes. Disputes are settled by the State industrial accident commission, subject to a limited review by the courts.