Representative SHATTUC. No; the object is to make you gentlemen stop doing it. Mr. ANDERSON. If you make us stop doing it, and they can come in over the Canadian border, how do you benefit the country? Representative SHATTUC. We go as far as we can in that direction. Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. Chairman, I would like to answer some points made by Mr. Anderson. The CHAIRMAN. You may do so whenever Mr. Anderson is through. Mr. ANDERSON. I will be through just as soon as I have finished answering any questions that may be asked me. Representative SHATTUC. Some parts of the paper you have read are so manifestly unfair on the face of them that I would not want to ask you anything about it. Mr. ANDERSON. I would simply say that in this pamphlet I have not asked for any policy to be pursued or any change in the law that could not just as readily have been asked for by the CommissionerGeneral of Immigration, by Congressmen, or by one of the great American public. I only desire that the law shall be just, impartial, and effective. Mr. HALL. I would like to ask you, Mr. Anderson, if you please, what the attitude of the steamship companies is, so far as you know, toward the educational test? Mr. ANDERSON. I can not answer that question. Mr. ANDERSON. I represent one steamship company, but even our own steamship company are not so far satisfied that well, the general impression is that they are all opposed to it, but not all for the same reasons. I have set forth our views on that subject very carefully. That is to say, there are two classes of people who favor the educational test. One is the class who advocate it on principle, because they believe the United States will be injured by those people coming in who are debarred under this provision. There is another class who do not care so much about the moral and mental effect as about the actual restriction of the numbers of people who are to come into the United States, and they use that to restrict them. Now, there are two classes also who oppose it. One class believes that the educational test will have no effect at all except to disturb business. The other class believes that it will have the effect that the friends of the educational test believe it will have, and will disturb the business to such an extent that it will work a greater injury to the laborers of the country and to the country itself than could possibly be gained in benefit through this clause; and they all think that the provisions should be aimed at the applicants for naturalization and not at the people who are trying to earn a living. The CHAIRMAN. Are there any other questions to be asked Mr. Anderson? If not, we will hear Mr. Williams. Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. Chairman, I have here a paper which I read before the Committee on Immigration of the House of Representatives, which I should like to have printed in the proceedings, and also a paper giving an account of attempts to control immigration into the United States via Canada, which I should also like to have printed. The CHAIRMAN. We shall be very glad to receive them, and they will be printed in our proceedings. PAPER READ BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. MR. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN: A few weeks ago I prepared a small pamphlet in which I gave a brief account of the history of immigration legislation, and the attempts that have been made to secure control over alien immigrants coming into the United States by way of Canada and Mexico. In that pamphlet I showed how the laws had grown gradually more and more severe at the United States seaports until many aliens sought to avoid the inspections by seeking entrance through Canada. I gave the argument of the direct steamship companies why the land borders should be as strictly guarded as the sea borders, what attempts had been made to accomplish this, and how and why these attempts had failed. I gave copies of the various agreements made with the Canadian transportation companies, a copy of the substance of a verbal agreement which the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury states that he made with the Canadian lines in 1900, and the legal opinion of a prominent Canadian lawyer on questions raised by these agreements. There is also given a copy of the existing agreement signed November 1, 1901, between these same companies and the Secretary of the Treasury, and I have added explanations showing the connection between the various papers and the conditions they represent. I took the liberty of sending to each member of your committee a copy of this pamphlet, as I imagined you would be quite willing to learn all the facts you could on this subject which you have been specially appointed to examine. Of course I do not know if you have read this document, but I shall assume that you have, or if not that you will have an opportunity to do so later; and as there is so much to say on this subject, I shall try not to repeat. The present situation in immigration matters is very forcibly illustrated by the story of the backwoods farmer who attempted to make cider. He ground the apples and placed them in a sack made of coarse grass, and put the sack under a rude press. But, unfortunately, the sack had a large hole in it which the farmer did not notice until he had begun to apply the pressure. Then the pulp began to run out of the hole, and when he applied more pressure, the effect was, not that more cider was made, but that more pulp was expelled from the sack. While he was at work a neighbor came along, saw the situation, and said to him, "Friend, stop that pressure and mend the hole in the sack, or you will never make any cider." He didn't say it as politely as that, but that is what he meant. But the farmer thought he knew better, and said that if he could only press hard enough he would succeed. When he got through he had the sack and the press, but he had no cider. Now, that is the trouble with our immigration laws. They were made for application at the seaports, and it was not at first noticed that there was a very large hole in the Canadian border, and it was only when the pressure was put on by the strict laws of 1891 and 1893 that the leak was especially noticeable. More pressure has been applied every year by stricter interpretation being given the laws, but the only result has been that the leak has been made larger, and no unlawful immigrant has been kept out who has had money enough to pay his fare by way of Canada. The steamship companies running direct to United States ports have been for years seeking to have the United States Government mend this leak, for if it does not it will never keep out undesirable aliens; but until the last few months there has been no honest attempt to do So. The attempt is not yet a success and can not be without new legslation to control the land borders; and yet you are asked to put on still more pressure by greatly adding to the severity of the laws as applied at the seaboard, without taking any measures to stop the leak at the border. You can not very well remove the pressure now, but you can, at least, prevent more pressure being applied until the leak is stopped. The situation might well be illustrated by another story: A man who had valuable treasures in his house had his front door guarded by a giant armed with a gun, sword, and pistols, but he left the care of his back door to a small boy with no weapons but his bare hands. When the man found that his treasure was being taken he called together his sons and his steward, and after explaining the precautions he had taken to guard the doors he asked their advice as to what further action should be taken. They all advised that he put more armed men at the front door. I have said that the present immigation laws are partial, and bear most harshly upon all interests connected with aliens arriving by water and but very lightly upon interests connected with aliens arriving by land; that the present laws fail of their purpose, and the new legislation proposed in bill H. R. 12199, unless amended, will fail for the same reason. You think I am making these assertions without proof or that I am greatly exaggerating the facts. In order to show that the facts will justify my statement, I should like to call your attention to some of the provisions of, first, the present laws, and then of the proposed bill (refer to copies of the laws): * * X [Act of March 3, 1875.] "SEC. 5. That it shall be unlawful for aliens of the following classes to immigrate into the United States, namely, persons who are undergoing a sentence for conviction in their own country of felonious crimes other than political or growing out of or the result of such political offences, or whose sentence has been remitted on condition of their emigration, and women imported for the purposes of prostitution. Every vessel arriving in the United States may be inspected under the direction of the collector of the port at which it arrives, if he shall have reason to believe that any such obnoxious persons are on board. That it shall be the duty of the collector at said port of entry to detain said vessel until a hearing and determination of the matter are had, to the end that if the said inspector shall be found to be in accordance with this section, and sustained, the obnoxious person or persons shall be returned on board of said vessel, and shall not thereafter be permitted to land, unless the master, owner, or consignee of the vessel shall give bond and security, to be approved by the court or judge hearing the cause. And for all violations of this act the vessel, by the acts, omissions, or connivances of the owners, master, or other custodian, or the consignees of which the same are committed, shall be liable to forfeiture." * * * * * * [Act of March 3, 1882.] "SECTION 1. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of fifty cents for each and every passenger not a citizen of the United States who shall come by steam or sail vessel from a foreign port to any port within the United States. The said duty shall be paid to the collector of customs of the port to which such passenger shall come, or if there be no collector at such port, then to the collector of customs nearest thereto, by the master, owner, agent, or consignee of every such vessel within twenty-four hours after the entry thereof into such port. * * * The duty imposed by this section shall be lien upon the vessels which shall bring such passengers into the United States. * * * 66 SEC. 2. * * * It shall be the duty of such State commission, board, or officers so designated to examine into the condition of passengers arriving at the ports within such State in any ship or vessel, and for that purpose all or any of such commissioners or officers or such other person or persons as they shall appoint shall be authorized to go aboard of and through any such ship or vessel; and if on such examination there shall be found among such passengers any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge, they shall report the same in writing to the collector of such port, and such person shall not be permitted to land. 66 * * * "SEC. 4. That all foreign convicts, except those convicted of political offenses, upon arrival, shall be sent back to the nations to which they belong and from whence they came. The expense of such return of the aforesaid persons not permitted to land shall be borne by the owners of the vessel in which they came.' [Act of June 26, 1884.] "SEC. 22. That until the provisions of section one, chapter three hundred and seventy-six, of the laws of eighteen hundred and eightytwo, shall be made applicable to passengers coming into the United States by land carriage, said provisions shall not apply to passengers coming by vessels employed exclusively in the trade between the ports of the United States and the ports of the Dominion of Canada or the ports of Mexico." [Act of March 3, 1891.] "SEC. 4. That no steamship or transportation company or owners of vessels shall directly or through agents, either by writing, printing, or oral representations, solicit, invite, or encourage the immigration of any alien into the United States except by ordinary commercial letters, circulars, advertisements, or oral representations, stating the sailings of their vessels and the terms and facilities of transportation therein. * * * "SEC. 8. That upon the arrival by water at any place within the United States of any alien immigrants it shall be the duty of the commanding officer and the agents of the steam or sailing vessel by which they came to report the name, nationality, last residence, and destination of every such alien, before any of them are landed, to the proper inspection officer. It shall be the duty of the aforesaid * * * officers and agents of such vessel to adopt due precautions to prevent the landing of any alien immigrant at any place or time other than that designated by the inspection officers, and any such officer or agent or person in charge of such vessel who shall either knowingly or negligently land or permit to land any alien immigrant at any place or time other than that designated by the inspection officers, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment." "SEC. 10. That all aliens who may unlawfully come into the United States shall, if practicable, be immediately sent back on the vessel by which they were brought in. The cost of their maintenance while on land, as well as the expense of the return of such aliens, shall be borne by the owner or owners of the vessel on which such aliens came; and if any master, agent, consignee, or owner of such vessel shall refuse to receive back on board the vessel such aliens, or shall neglect to detain them thereon, or shall refuse or neglect to return them to the port from which they came, or to pay the cost of their maintenance while on land, such master, agent, consignee, or owner shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not less than three hundred dollars for each and every offense; and any such vessel shall not have clearance from any port of the United States while any such fine is unpaid." [Act of March, 1893.] "SEC. 1. That in addition to conforming to all present requirements of law, upon the arrival of any alien immigrants by water at any port within the United States, it shall be the duty of the master or commanding officer of the steamer or sailing vessel having said immigrants on board to deliver to the proper inspector of immigration at the port lists or manifests." * * * "SEC. 2. Each list or manifest shall be verified by the signature and the oath or affirmation of the master or commanding officer or of the officer first or second below him in command, taken before the United States consul or consular agent at the port of departure before the sailing of said vessel, to the effect that he has made a personal examination of each and all of the passengers named therein, and that he has caused the surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith to make a physical examination of each of said passengers. 99 * * * "SEC. 3. That the surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith shall also sign each of said lists or manifests before the departure of said vessel, and make oath or affirmation in like manner.' * * * 66 SEC. 4. That in the case of the failure of said master or commanding officer of said vessel to deliver to the said inspector of immigration lists or manifests, verified as aforesaid, containing the information above required as to all alien immigrants on board, there shall be paid to the collector of customs at the port of arrival the sum of ten dollars for each immigrant qualified to enter the United States concerning whom the above information is not contained in any list as aforesaid, or said immigrant shall not be permitted so to enter the United States." * * * "SEC. 8. That all steamship or transportation companies, and other owners of vessels, regularly engaged in transporting alien immigrants to the United States, shall twice a year file a certificate with the Sec |