noticed, if its possibility for evil was not so well established. The presence of the San Jose scale in this region did not, however, have any special significance, since much of the original stock was obtained from California, and doubtless from nurseries which were infested with the scale.

The journey of exploration was continued northward to Tiensin and Pekin. In this region the San Jose scale was also found on native plants, including the flowering peach, a tree grown for ornament solely, and not for fruit, and notably on the native fruits in the markets in these cities.

The markets of Pekin were of especial interest in this connection. Pekin is the center and market for all the region lying to the north and west, and the streets devoted to the sale of fruits and other products in the Chinese city are one of the great show places. The fruit and nut products are brought into Pekin in little two-wheeled carts, or more generally on camelback, great caravans of heavily loaded camels and streams of carts constantly entering the city with the products of the outlying provinces. One finds, therefore, in the markets of the Chinese city the fruit products of all northern China, and can study them at ease. All the district lying between Pekin

and the great wall, north, and west, and east, has been most carefully explored and mapped by the foreign military authorities. From various individuals employed in this minute survey a great deal was learned relative to the fruit growing in the district indicated. Much of the fruit found in the markets of Pekin comes from the hill region leading up to the mountains separating China from Mongolia and Manchuria. These fruits are native apples, pears and peaches, and the little haw apple already mentioned. Great quantities of these fruits were examined in the market, with the exception of the peach, which

was then out of season, and later similar examinations were made at Tiensin. A very scanty but general infestation with San Jose scale was found on the different fruits examined. Perhaps one apple in a hundred would have a few of these scales about the blossom end and the same proportion was true of the haw apple and the native pear. Throughout the region where these fruits are grown, there has been no introduction of foreign stock. The occurrence of the San Jose scale on these two fruits was conclusive evidence that in the region whence it came the San Jose scale is native. The scattering occurrence of the scale also indicated, as would be anticipated, that this pest in its native home is kept in check by natural means.

The investigations made at Shanghai, and later southward to Hong

kong, the Malay Peninsula and Java, indicated that the San Jose scale in eastern Asia can not survive below Shanghai.

The special district where it is native and thrives is a fairly well shut off region, which probably accounts for the failure of this insect to become a world pest ages ago. This district is the region leading up to the mountains and comprising the northern and northeastern frontiers of China proper. Beyond the great wall on the north and west lies Mongolia, consisting chiefly of the vast Desert of Gobi. To the northeast and separating the region from Manchuria and Corea is

PORTION OF STREET DEVOTED TO SALE OF FRUITS IN PEKIN, CHINA. [In foreground, fruit samples; in background, storehouses, also dromedaries employed to bring products from remote provinces.]

the eastern Gobi desert. To the south and east lies the great alluvial plain, the product of centuries of mud carried down by the Yellow River, a region where cereals only are grown. These are all effective barriers, and especially so when considered in connection with the political conditions of the past. We have, therefore, as the original home of this insect a naturally shut-off area from which it could not easily escape under the conditions prevailing up to our own times.

The means by which the San Jose scale came from China to America is a matter of interest. This pest reached California on trees imported by the late James Lick, a gentleman who was an enthusiastic

horticulturist and an energetic importer of plants from foreign counIt is the writer's belief that Mr. Lick imported from China,

tries.

possibly through Dr. Nevius, with whom he was probably in correspondence, the flowering Chinese peach, and brought with it the San

ASIATIC LADYBIRD (Chilocorus similis), oviposition and early larval stages: a, beetle in act of thrusting egg beneath scale; b, scale slightly raised, showing edge of egg beneath; c, scale litted from bark, showing manner of attachment of egg to the inner surface; d, view of egg in the scale; e, egg magnified to show sculpturing; f, three eggs placed under flap of bark; 9, same, natural size; h, i, dorsal and lateral views of newly hatched larva; j, larva, first stage, feeding on mature and young scales-all enlarged except g.

ASIATIC LADYBIRD (Chilocorus similis), later larval stages, pupa, and adult insect: ", second larval stage; b, cast skin of same; c, full-grown larva; d, method of pupation, the pupa being retained in split larval skin; e, newly emerged adult not yet colored; f, fully colored and perfect adult-all enlarged to the same scale.