designer of the Iowa iron works at Dubuque; was mechanical engineer of the Chicago great western railway, later became consulting engineer in the Chicago office of the general electric company; and since 1893 has been an independent consulting engineer. He was the designer and builder of the intramural railway at the world's Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893; consulting electrical engineer to the Chicago and Milwaukee electric railway and Chicago board of trade; Grand trunk railway on electrification of St. Clair tunnel since 1905; consulting engineer to the Wisconsin state railway commission in 1905-07, and devised the plan for electrically operating trains of the New York Central and Hudson river railroad company in and out of New York, and a member of the electric traction commission in carrying out the work. In 1900-04 he was a member of the electric traction commission of the Erie railroad; in 1902 was consulting engineer for the city of Chicago to revise the street railway system; chief engineer of the work and chairman of the board of supervising engineers, having charge of the rehabilitation of the entire street railway system of Chicago in 1907-11. He is president of the Arnold company, engineers and constructors. He is the inventor of a magnetic clutch, storage battery improvements and pioneer in the development of the rotary converter sub-station and single phase systems of electric railways. He is consulting engineer of the public service commission for the state of New York on the transportation problems in New York and vicinity. In 1903-04 he was president of the American institute of electrical engineers; and in 1904 was vicepresident and chairman of the executive committee of the international electrical congress, at St. Louis, Mo. In 1906-07 he was president of the Western society of engineers.

Arnold, James Newell, publisher and genealogist, was born Aug. 3, 1844, in Cranston, R. I. He was educated in the public school of his native state, which was supplemented by private tuition. He is an eminent genealogist and historian of Providence, R. I. He is the author of The Narragansett Historical Register, in eight volumes; Rhode Island Vital Records, in twenty-one volumes, the largest genealogist work ever edited and published by a single person in the United States; and The Vital Record of New London and Windham Counties, Conn.; Thirtysix Towns is now nearly ready for the press. He is now engaged in the preparation of a Digest of Probate of Rhode Island; and resides in Providence, R. I.

Arnold, Julean Herbert, was born in Sacramento, Cal., July 19, 1876; educated in the public schools and the California State university; engaged in teaching; appointed, after examination (July, 1902), student interpreter in China, July 18, 1902; also vice- and deputy consul at Dalny, February 14, 1904; appointe

deputy consul-general at Shanghai, July 13, 1904; vice- and deputy consul at Foochow, March 7, 1906; assigned to duty in the consulate-general at Shanghai, May 5, 1906; appointed consul at Tamsui, June 22, 1906; consul at Amoy, May 1, 1908; consul at Chefoo, March 8, 1912.

Arnold, Sarah Louise, educator, author, was born Feb. 15, 1859, in North Abington, Mass.; in 1878 she graduated from the State normal school at Bridgewater, Mass.; and in 1902 received the degree of A.M. from Tufts college. She taught school in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Vermont and New Hampshire. For two years she was principal of the training school at Saratoga, N.Y.; for seven years she was supervisor of schools at Minneapolis, Minn.; in 1895-1902 was supervisor of schools at Boston, Mass.; and since 1902 has been dean of Simmons college of Boston, Mass. She is the author of Waymarks for Teachers; Stepping Stones to Literature; Reading, How to Teach It; and The Mother Tongue.

Arnold, William Hendrick, lawyer, banker, was born at Lisbon, Ark., Feb. 15, 1861. Son of David S. and Temple L. Arnold. He was educated in public schools, and academies in Arkansas. Married, first, Texarkana, Ark., Oct. 13, 1887, Jessie Cook; second, Texarkana, Ark., March 17, 1903, Kate Lewis; children: William H., Jr., Jodie, Lucy, David, Ruth, Richard. Engaged in practice of law, Texarkana, Ark., since 1883, and formerly in Prescott, Ark., one year, (business confined mostly to court work in civil general practice); has had several cases in U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and U.S. Supreme Court. Vice-president, director and counsel State Savings and Trust company, and State National Bank; counsel Texarkana Gas and Electric company. Mayor Texarkana one term, 1894. Democrat; Methodist. President Arkansas State Bar Association, 1908-09 (formerly vicepresident two years). President School Board of Texarkana, Ark., ten years; school director sixteen years. Mason, Shriner.

Arnot, Raymond Holbrook, lawyer, was born in San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 29, 1873. Son of Nathaniel D. Arnot, now and for 30 years superior court judge in California, and Eugenia M. (Holbrook) Arnot. He was educated in California military academy, Oakland, Cal., 1885-87; Phillips Exeter academy, 188790; graduated Yale college, B.A., 1894; Yale law school, LL.B., cum laude. 1896. Married in Rochester, N.Y., April 21, 1908, Josephine Hanford, daughter of Henry S. Hanford. Has practised law in Rochester since 1896. Formerly member firm of Bly and Arnot; now practising alone. Director Newton manufacturing company, Emporium Milk By-Products company, HydroCarbon Generator company. Independent Republican. Much interested in prevention of cruelty. Has been delegate to several conventions of anti-cruelty organizations; was treasurer five

Atkins, Harry F., manufacturer, financier, was born March 26, 1849. Son of Richard and Frances (Jago) Atkins. He attended Hughes university, Cincinnati. Married in Cincinnati, June 2, 1875, Anna Pearce Atkins; children: Henry Pearce, Elizabeth P., Frank P., Cornelia P. President Deer Creek manufacturing company; vice-president Young Men's Mutual Life Association of Cincinnati. Kepublican; member Christian Church. President Ohio State Board of Commerce two terms, Cincinnati Associated Organizations, Arbitration by Peace Society, Cincinnati; vice-president Tax-Payers' Association, Business Men's Advisory Benevolent Association. Member Y.M.C.A. of Cincinnati. Clubs: Avondale Golf, Business Men's (vice-president two terms), City Manufacturers (president). He is also president of the Ohio Mechanics Institute, the Institute of Applied Arts, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Atkinson, George Wesley, lawyer, jurist, governor, author, poet, was born June 29, 1845, in Virginia, now West Virginia. In 1870 he graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university; took a post-graduate course at Mount Union college; studied law two years; took the law course at Columbia university he graduated from the law department of Howard university; and was admitted to the bar in 1875. He has been eminently successful as a lawyer; was four years United States marshal for West Virginia. In 1889-91 he was a representative from West Virginia to the fifty-first congress. In 1897-1901 he was governor of West Virginia; and for four years was United States district attorney for West Virginia. Since April 15, 1905 he has been associate justice of the United States court of claims at Washington, D.C. He is the author of seven different books, all of which have been popular and had a large sale. He has recently published a volume of original poems entitled Chips and Whitstones. Being a classically educated man, all of his public addresses are of a high order. He has received the degrees of B.A., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., LL.D. and D.C.L. The latter degree was conferred upon him by the university of West Virginia, and is the only degree of its grade ever conferred. It will be observed that all of the degrees, which have been conferred on him by colleges and universities, were for work actually done, except two: LL.D. and D.C.L. He is regarded by the people of West Virginia as one of the state's ablest men.

Atwater, John Wilbur, farmer, state senator, congressman, was born Dec. 27, 1840, in Chatham County, N.C. He was educated in the common schools of his native state; and at Hughes academy. He has always been engaged in agricultural pursuits; and is a successful farmer of Chapel Hill, N.C. He served in the

confederate army in Company D, first regiment North Carolina volunteers; and was with the army of General R. E. Lee until the end of the civil war surrendering with Lee at Appomattox. In 1887 he joined the Farmers' Alliance in Chatham County, N.C.; was its first president and served two terms; and subsequently served two terms as president of the sub-alliance. In 1892-94 and 1896-98 he served two terms in the North Carolina state senate; and was elected chairman of the Populist caucus. In 1899-1901 he was a representative from North Carolina to the fifty-sixth congress as an independent populist.

Atwell, William Hawley, attorney-generad of Texas, was born June 9, 1869, in La Crosse, Wis. He attended the Dallas public schools, Texas; the Southwestern University, and the State University. In 1889 he was assistant attorney of Dallas County; in 1894 was nominee for attorney-general of Texas. He has been secretary of the State Republican League; of the National Committeeman League in 1896; and is a prominent member in various societies. He is one of the finest speakers in the South, his oratory being strong, sparkling and convincing. Since 1898 he has been United States district attorney; and resides in Dallas, Tex. He is the author of Atwell's Federal Criminal Law.

Atwood, Louis Kossuth, farmer, educator, lawyer, merchant, legislator, banker, was born Dec. 15, 1851, in Wilcox County, Ala. He was educated at the Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He has been a successful farmer and school teacher, lawyer and merchant of Jackson, Miss.; and prominently identified with the business and public affairs of his community. He is president of the American Trust and Savings Bank of Jackson, Miss.; is the president of the Southern Bank of Mississippi; and a director in various corporations. He served two terms as a representative in the Mississippi state legislature; was master in the insurance order of Jacobs; and has held various other positions of trust and honor.

Atwood, Irving M., wholesale merchant of Boston, Mass., was born Oct. 2, 1882, in Charlestown, Mass. He is a successful merchant of Boston, Mass., now engaged in the wholesale fish business; and is prominent in the business and public affairs of his city.

Auchincloss, John Winthrop, merchant. He graduated from Sheffield scientific school, Yale, Ph.B., 1873. Married Joanna H. Russell; children: Charles R., Elizabeth, Joseph H., Joanna R., Caroline. Engaged in business since 1873. Member firm of Auchincloss Brothers, merchants. Director Bellevue and Southern Ill. R.R. company, Calville; Illinois Central R.R. company; Dubuque and Sioux City R.R. company; Yazoo and Mississippi Valley R.R. company. Clubs: N.Y. Yacht, Century, University, Metropolitan, South Side.

Auchincloss, William Stuart, civil engineer, was born March 19, 1842, in New York. He has been instructor in the construction department of the A. and G.W. Ry. He is the author of the Line and Valve Motions, Chronology of the Holy Bible, and other works.

Auerswald, George A., state representative of Missouri, was born Dec. 1, 1856, in New York. He was educated in the grammar and high schools; and in 1880 graduated from the medical department of Washington University at St. Louis, Mo. He has attained success as one of the foremost physicians of Missouri at De Sota; is identified with the Republican party; and is a member of the leading medical societies. For four terms he served as coroner of Jefferson County, Mo.; is now a state representative in the Missouri legislature; and resides in De Sota, Mo.

Augur, George Jacob, physician, was born at West Haven, Connecticut, Oct. 1, 1853; son of Abraham and Ellen (Morris) Augur. He was graduated from Hopkins Grammar school, New Haven, Connecticut, in 1876; entered Yale Academic Department, and Yale Medical college, and was graduated as M.D. in 1879. In 1881 he was appointed resident physician and surgeon at the State Hospital in New Haven, and in 1894 he resigned from the Alameda county, California, Allopathic Medical Society, and adopted the practice of Homeopathy. He was made a member of the Alameda County Homeopathic Medical Society, and later served as president and vice-president of that society. He was attending physician of the Fabiola hospital at Oakland, California, from 1882 to 1898, and in 1905 was elected to active membership in the International Hahnemannian Association, and he is non-resident member of the California State Homeopathic Association. Dr. Augur has traveled in the United States and also through Japan. He is a republican in politics and a Bahai in religion. His favorite recreations are those of an aquatic nature. Dr. Augur is a member of the University Club of Honolulu. He married in Oakland, California, June 16, 1892, Ruth Barstow Dyer, and they have a son, Morris Curtis Augur, born March 1, 1894.

Austill, Hurieosco, lawyer and statesman, was born Feb. 16, 1843, in Mobile, Ala., which has always been his place of residence. He graduated from the University of Alabama; and attained success as an eminent lawyer. During the civil war he served as a captain in the confederate army. He has been a member of the Alabama state senate.

Austin, Richard W., United States congressman from the second district of Tennessee, was born Aug. 26, 1857, in Decatur, Ala. In 1887 he graduated with the degree of A.B. from the University of Tennessee; and in 1881 graduated with the degree of LL.B. from the Columbian law school of Washington, D.C.