The Rise and Development of the Liquefaction of Gases |
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200 atmospheres allowed to expand ammonia Andrews argon atmos boiling point Boyle's law Cailletet carbon monoxide Chem Chim chlorine Colorless compressed Compt condensed condition contained cooled copper tube critical constants critical point critical pressure critical temperature cubic centimetres curves cylinder density Dewar equation ether expansion experimenters Faraday fluid fluorine freezing glass tube heat high pressures liquefaction of air liquefaction of gases liquefaction of oxygen liquefied gases liquefying tube liquid air liquid carbonic acid liquid ethylene liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen low temperatures lower end lowering the temperature matter means meniscus mercury method mixture molecules nitrogen nitrous oxide Olszewski perature pheres Phil Phys Pictet Proc pump quantity reduced pressure refrigerant rend represents says series of experiments shown in figure similar solid carbonic acid solidified subjected substance sulphurous acid tained tempera temperature obtained thermometer Thilorier tion ture vapor vessel Waals Wroblewski
Popular passages
Page 72 - On partially liquefying carbonic acid by pressure alone, and gradually raising at the same time the temperature to 88° Fahr., the surface of demarcation between the liquid and gas became fainter, lost its curvature, and at last disappeared. The space was then occupied by a homogeneous fluid, which exhibited, when the pressure was suddenly diminished or the temperature slightly lowered, a peculiar appearance of moving or flickering striae throughout its entire mass.
Page 96 - The ordinary gaseous and ordinary liquid states are, in short, only widely separated forms of the same condition of matter, and may be made to pass into one another by a series of gradations so gentle that the passage shall nowhere present any interruption or breach of continuity.
Page 80 - In this process its volume will steadily diminish as the pressure augments, and no sudden diminution of volume, without the application of external pressure, will occur at any stage of it. When the full pressure has been applied, let the temperature be allowed to fall till the carbonic acid has reached the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere.
Page 10 - There can scarcely be a doubt entertained respecting the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind into liquids; and -we ought not to despair of effecting it in low temperatures, and by strong pressure exerted upon the unmixed gases.
Page 72 - ... its curvature, and at last disappeared. The space was then occupied by a homogeneous fluid, which exhibited, when the pressure was suddenly diminished or the temperature slightly lowered, a peculiar appearance of moving or flickering striae throughout its entire mass. At temperatures above 88°, no apparent liquefaction of carbonic acid or separation into two distinct forms of matter could be effected, even when- a pressure of 300 or 400 atmospheres was applied. Nitrous oxide gave analogous results...
Page 45 - Thilorier, have left a constant desire on my mind to renew the investigation. This, with considerations arising out of the apparent simplicity and unity of the molecular constitution of all bodies when in the gaseous or vaporous state, which may be expected, according to the indications given by the experiments of M. Cagniard...
Page 85 - ... physical properties of the carbonic acid which has collapsed into the smaller volume, and of the carbonic acid not yet altered. There is no difficulty here, therefore, in distinguishing between the liquid and the gas. But in other cases the distinction cannot be made; and under many of the conditions I have described it would be vain to attempt to assign carbonic acid to the liquid rather than the gaseous state.
Page 85 - J^30 of the volume it occupied under a pressure of one atmosphere; but if any one ask whether it is now in the gaseous or liquid state, the question does not, I believe, admit of a positive reply.
Page 55 - M. CAGNIARD DE LA ToUR has shown that at a certain temperature, a liquid, under sufficient pressure, becomes clear transparent vapour or gas, having the same bulk as the liquid. At this temperature, or one a little higher, it is not likely that any increase of pressure, except perhaps one exceedingly great, would convert the gas into a liquid. Now the temperature of...
Page 55 - ToUR point or not is not known, and therefore it cannot well be anticipated whether the coming on of that state sooner or later with particular bodies will influence them in relation to the more general law referred to above. The law already suggested gives great encouragement to the continuance of those efforts which are directed to the condensation of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, by the attainment and application of lower temperatures than those yet applied. If to reduce carbonic acid from the...