and thirty-eight francs, being an average of one hundred and sixty-two francs. Only one pupil received an entirely free scholarship, two others three quarters, twenty-four received one half, and two, one quarter of the expenses. Every student receiving stipends obliges himself to accept any position the State may confer upon him within the first two years after leaving the Seminary.

Cantonal or State Institution.

Immediately adjoining the day-school is the School of the Canton, divided into two divisions, Gymnasium, and School of Industry.

Gymnasium. The gymnasium has two divisions, the lower and the upper gymnasium. Branches of instruction in the lower gymnasium comprise: 1. Religion; 2. German language; 3. Latin; 4. Greek; 5. French; 6. History; 7. Mathematics; 8. Practical arithmetic; 9. Geography; 10. Singing; 11. Gymnastics.

There are four classes in the lower gymnasium, the course of each being for one year; scholars entering the lowest class must have attained the age of twelve years, and present a good testimonial from their former teacher; they are also subject to examination.

The branches of instruction in the upper gymnasium are: 1. Religion; 2. German; 3. Latin; 4. Greek; 5. Hebrew; 6. French; 7. History; 8. Mathematics; 9. Natural science; 10. Philosophy; 11. Singing; 12. Gymnastics.

The upper gymnasium has three classes; the course for each is of one year. Pupils entering the first class of the upper gymnasium must be sixteen years of age; for the second class, seventeen years, etc.; they are also required to give satisfaction in an examination as to their knowledge and moral deportment.

The Board of Education decides in regard to the distribution of branches of instruction, and the extent to which each science shall be taught. Teachers are engaged for the branches in which they are efficient; the system of class teachers has not been introduced.

The several teachers of the gymnasium form a convention (board) of teachers, which decides on the general course of instruction, the order of lessons and discipline, as far as the Board of Education has not already made decision; they express their opinion on the introduction of schoolbooks, when invited to do so by the Board of Education. The president of the gymnasium is called rector, and he is intrusted with the management of the gymnasium in general and the upper gymnasium in particular; the lower gymnasium is under the special direction of a prorector. The rector is elected from the teachers of the upper gymnasium, the prorector from those of the lower gymnasium, by the Board of Education, for a term of two years, being eligible to reelection.

Every scholar of the gymnasium pays four francs as a fee of registra tion, unless he has previously paid that sum at another cantonal school; each scholar of the upper division contributes two francs, and of the lower division one franc, towards the collections of the cantonal schools. The

tuition fee for the lower gymnasium is twenty francs, and for the upper gymnasium, thirty-two francs per year. A moiety of the tuition fees is divided among the teachers of the gymnasium engaged in the first and second classes, according to the number of lessons they teach.

School of Industry. The school of industry has two divisions: the lower and the upper school. Branches of instruction for the lower school of industry are: 1. Religion; 2. Mathematics; 3. Natural history and philosophy; 4. German; 5. French; 6. History; 7. Geography; 8. Practical arithemetic; 9. Geometrical design; 10. Drawing; 11. Penmanship; 12. Singing; 13. Gymnastics.

The lower school of industry has three classes of one year's course for each; the Board of Education decides on the plan of instruction; a boy must be twelve years old before he can be received in the lower class, and have a good certificate from former teachers.

Branches of instruction taught in the upper school of industry are: 1. Theoretical mathematics; 2. Applied mathematics; 3. Natural philosophy; 4. Chemistry; 5. Natural history; 6. History; 7. Geography; 8. German; 9. French; 10. English; 11. Italian; 12. Drawing; 13. Geometrical design and drafting of machines; 14. Manufacture; 15. Commercial arithmetic and book-keeping; 16. Penmanship; 17. Singing; 18. Gymnastics. These branches are distributed by the Board of Education upon three years, in such a manner as to allow pupils who will devote themselves to technical or to commercial pursuits, to finish their course in three or two years respectively. A pupil who applies for admission into the upper school of industry, must be fifteen years of age; and if not coming from the lower division of the school, he is examined in all branches which need preparatory knowledge, and must be well recommended.

Pay and organization of teachers is similar to that of the gymnasium; teachers are selected by the Board of Education, and confirmed by the Government council. The teacher of gymnastics is engaged for a term of six years.

In 1851-52, the School of the Canton was attended: in the lower gymnasium by one hundred and twenty-seven, upper gymnasium by sixty-two; lower school of industry by one hundred and twenty-four, upper school of industry by sixty-eight pupils and twenty-one nonresident pupils.

The Veterinary School.

The course of the veterinary-school of the canton of Zurich embraces the following branches :-Natural philosophy; chemistry; botany; zoology; comparative, pathologic and surgical anatomy; physiology; dietetics; training of animals; general pathology and therapeutics; general, special and operative surgery; theory of infectious and contagious diseases; obstetrics; shoeing of horses; practice in treating sick animals, etc. A blacksmith shop and a hospital for sick animals are connected with the school.

The full course of this school is three years, and the above branches of instruction are suitably divided according to the plan of teaching. Teachers are elected by the Board of Education. A director presides over the veterinary-school, elected from the teachers by the Board of Education for the term of two years. There are two regular teachers, with a salary of twelve hundred to fourteen hundred francs, and assistant teachers are engaged as necessary, for which purpose, eighteen hundred francs per year are set apart, and for other incidental purposes, one thousand francs.

Boys of sixteen years of age can be admitted into this school, if they have attended a three years' course of secondary-schools or are otherwise qualified; they must pay a registration fee of eight francs, and a tuition fee of twenty-four francs, half of which goes into the school fund, while the other half is divided among the teachers in proportion to their number of lessons. Private teachers fix their own terms, with the approval of the commission of inspection. The latter consists of five members appointed for the term of five years by the Board of Education, one of whom must be a member of the Board of Education, and one a member of the board of health. They superintend the execution of all laws and regulations, as well as of the resolutions of the Board of Education in reference to this school, and see that teachers and pupils perform their duties.

The usual attendance is from twenty-one to twenty-five.

Agricultural School.

The agricultural-school was opened May 1st, 1853, and is the youngest one of the cantonal schools. The object, "to train young men in the theory and practice of agriculture," is pursued in part by formal instruction, in part by cultivating an estate near the city of Zurich. This estate belongs to the hospital of the canton, and is leased at a yearly rent of two thousand eight hundred francs. The Great Council granted to the Government council a credit of sixty thousand francs, at three per cent. interest, in order to enable them to give to the agricultural-school a proper outfit. The locality is calculated to accommodate thirty students; not more than ten new pupils shall be admitted at a time; they must pass a satisfactory examination before the commission of supervision. Two annual courses complete the term of the school. A citizen of the canton pays for board, tuition, etc., two hundred and fifty francs the first year, two hundred francs for the second year; others are required to pay three hundred and fifty and two hundred and fifty francs; two free scholarships are attached to the school. A director with a salary of one thousand three hundred and sixty francs, one teacher with a salary of six hundred and forty francs, and a master-farmer with a salary of four hundred francs, compose the board of instruction. During the Summer, three hours per day are devoted to instruction and eight hours to labor; during the Winter, six hours to labor and four hours to instruction.

The course of instruction embraces the following branches: 1. Arithmetic, problems from business life.

2. Geometry-measurement, surveying, drafting.

3. Mineralogy-different kinds of rock; what parts fit for improving the soil; springs and artesian wells; order of stratas, petrifactions, etc. 4. Botany-anatomy and physiology of plants; forest trees, herbs for meadows, weeds, poisonous herbs, etc.

5. Zoology-anatomy and physiology of animals, chiefly of domestic animals; useful and destructive animals.

6. Mechanics, as far as relating to agriculture.

7. Chemistry-soil and its associations; analysis of soil, of manure, etc.; fermentation, brewery, distillery, manufacture of vinegar, starch, soap, cheese, oil, etc.

8. Agriculture-knowledge of soil, manure, training of plants, of cattle, medical treatment of animals, book-keeping for farmers.

Instruction in the German or French language is not part of the programme, but may be given after the regular lessons. Practical labor is exacted in the field and the meadow; the orchard and the forest; in attending to the animals and repairing of harness, etc.

The agricultural-school has from sixteen to twenty pupils annually.

The University.

This institution, which is always attended by over two hundred students, was founded in the year 1833, during the period of enthusiasm for instruction, and now occupies a distinguished position, being a realization of the ideal of a Swiss university, as nearly as this could be effected with the means of a small canton. We will here only indicate the peculiar points of its organization, which are not found at all universities:

A citizen of the canton, though admitted at another university, can be registered as a student, only if he has passed the final examination of the gymnasium or of the school of industry. Teaching and learning are free; yet it has been provided in the interest of students, that recitations must be held on the lectures in certain chief branches. The degree of Master of Arts is not required of private lecturers at the university (privat docenten ;) they must obtain the permission of the Board of Education on the recommendation of the faculty, who may exact an examination from the candidate. Upon a favorable report of the faculty, a trial lecture must be delivered, after which, if satisfactory, the candidate is pronounced qualified as private lecturer (docent.)

The cantonal hospital is open to students of medicine.
Scientific collections are large and well arranged.

Private Schools.

All private schools in the Canton of Zurich are subject to inspection and control of the school committee of the district in which they are situated, and their plans of instruction must be approved by the Board of Education.

Federal Polytechnic School.

This great Scientific University is located at Zurich, but the Federal Government contributes $45,000 annually to its support.

NORMAL SCHOOL

AT

KUSSNACHT, IN THE CANTON OF ZURICH.

THE Normal School at Kussnacht is about a league from the town of Zurich, and the buildings are prettily situated on the borders of the lake of the same name. This institution was re-organized in 1836, though the modifications made have been rather in the details than in the general principles. It now consists of a school for teachers, a preparatory school for this seminary, and three primary model schools. It is intended to supply teachers for the different grades of primary schools of the canton, and during a portion of the year lectures are also delivered in the seminary to the older teachers, who are assembled for the purpose in their

vacations.

The superintendence and control of the Normal School is vested by the legislative council in the council of education, who appoint a committee of superintendence from their own body. This committee visits the school at least once a month, attends its examinations, and, in general, inspects its management. The executive power is delegated to a director, who has the immediate charge of the school, and arranges the plan of instruction, in subordination to the council of education. He examines the candidates for admission, inspects the classes of the seminary, and of the schools attached to it, and lectures in the school of repetition for the older teachers. He is also responsible for the discipline, and reports half-yearly the state of the institution to the council of education. He is moreover present at the meeting of the committee of superintendence. There are three other teachers, besides a variable number of assistants. These teachers in turn have charge of the pupils of the Normal School in and out of school-hours. There are conferences of all the teachers, at which the director presides. The manners of the people and the purpose of the seminary render the discipline of very trifling amount. The pupils of the Normal School reside in the village of Kussnacht, but spend the greater part of their time at the school, under the direction of its masters. All the time devoted to study, recitation or lecture, and regular exercise, is passed there.

To be admitted as a candidate for the Normal School, a youth must be sixteen years of age, and of suitable morals, intellectual, and physical qualities for the profession of a teacher. He must have spent two years in the higher division of primary instruction (called here secondary) in the model school, or some equivalent one, or have passed through the preparatory department of the Normal School, which gives a preference to the candidate, other qualifications being equal. The examination of candidates takes place once a year, and in presence of the committee of superintendence, or of a deputation from their body. The formal right of admitting to the school is, however, vested alone in the council of education. The subjects of examination are Bible history, speaking and reading, grammar, the elements of history, geography and natural philosophy, arithmetic and the elements of geometry, writing, drawing, and vocal music. The council of education fixes the number of pupils who may be admitted, and the most proficient of the candidates are selected. There are forty stipendiary places, ten of the value of one hundred and sixty Swiss francs, (forty-eight dollars,) and thirty of half that sum.