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V. As soon as possible after the holding of the junior scholarship examination, a list in the order of merit shall be published of those who have obtained the scholarships; and also a list of those who, having failed to obtain a scholarship, have yet obtained three-fourths of the number of marks obtained by the candidate who stands lowest in the list of junior scholars; and those who obtain this proportion of marks shall be deemed to have passed with credit. The names of all the candidates, and the marks they have obtained in the several subjects, shall be published in order of merit.

The examinations for the New Zealand University are partially conducted in New Zealand and partially in England. All the examinations for degrees in law and medicine are held in the colony, and the examinations for degrees in arts and science are held in England. The following is the present list of examiners:

A.-Arts and science.

Latin and Greek.—J. S. Reid, esq., M. A., Caius College, Cambridge.
English.-Appointment not yet decided.

French.-M. Jules Bue, Talorian teacher, University of Oxford.
German.-Prof. Althans, PH. D., University College, London.

History and Political Economy.-F. York Powell, esq., Christchurch, Oxford.

Jurisprudence and constitutional history.-Prof. W. A. Hunter, M. A., LL. D., M. P.,

London.

Mathematics and mathematical physics.-E. J. Routh, esq., D. sc., f. r. s., Cambridge.

Physical science.-Principal Garnett, Newcastle.

Chemistry.-Prof. T. E. Thorpe, PH. D., B. Sc., F. R. S., Leeds.

Biology and zoology.-Prof. G. B. Howes, F. L. S., F. Z. S., Normal College of Science, South Kensington.

Botany.-Prof. I. Bayley Balfour, Edinburgh.

Geology.-Prof. A. H. Green, M. A., F. R. S., Oxford.

Anatomy.-Appointment not yet decided.

Physiology.-Appointment not yet decided.

Mental science.-Prof. Andrew Seth, M. A., St. Andrews.

B.-Law.

Jurisprudence, constitutional history, and principles of legislation.—Prof. W. A. Hunter, M. A., LL. D., M. P., London.

Roman law, international law, and conflict of laws.—Appointment not yet decided. Contracts and torts.-J. MacGregor, esq., M. A., Dunedin.

Real and personal property.—C. H. Tripp, esq., M. A., Timaru.

Evidence.-J. A. Tole, Auckland.

Criminal law.-J. C. Martin, esq., Christchurch.

Equity.-F. Fitchett, esq., M. A., LL. D., Dunedin.

Statute law.-J. W. Salmond, esq., M. A., Temuka.

Practice and procedure.-C. J. Foster, esq., LL. D., Christchurch.

C.-Medicine.

Physics and inorganic chemistry.-Prof. D. F. Brown, M. A., Auckland.
Biology.-Prof. A. P. W. Thomas. M. A., F. L. S., Auckland.

Organic chemistry and practical chemistry.-Prof. J. G. Black, M. A., B. SC., Dunedin, and J. R. Don., esq, M. A., B. SC., Dunedin.

Anatomy.-Prof. J. H. Scott, M. D., M. R. C. s., England, F. R. S. E., Dunedin, and L. Barnett, esq., M. D., C. M., L. R. C., P. S., Dunedin.

Physiology.-Prof. J. H. Scott, M. D., M. R. C. s., England., F. R. S. E., Dunedin, and D. Colquhoun, esq., M. D., L. R. C. P., London, M. R. C. S., England, Dunedin.

Pathology.-W. S. Roberts, esq., M. R. C. S., England, Dunedin, and F. H. Jeffcoat, esq., M. B., C. M., Dunedin.

Materia medica.-I. de Zouche, esq., M. D., Dunedin, and E. W. Alexander, esq., M. R. C. P. S., Dunedin.

Surgery.-W. Brown, esq., M. B., C. M., Dunedin, and W. E. Collins, esq., M. B., M. R. C. S., Wellington.

Medicine.-D. Colquhoun, esq., M. D., L. R. C. P., Londen, M. R. C. S., England, Dunedin, and F. Fell, esq., M. R. C. S., L. R. C. P., London, Wellington.

Midwifery and diseases of women.-F. H. Jeffcoat, esq., M. B., C. M., Dunedin, and W. Fell, esq., M. R. C. S., L. R. C. P., London, Wellington.

Medical jurisprudence and public health.-F. Ogston, esq., M. D., C. M., Dunedin, and F. Truby King, esq., M. B., B. SC., Dunedin.

D.-Music.

Physics.-Prof. F. D. Brown, M. A., Auckland.

Harmony.-J. Fred. Bridges, esq., Mus. Doc., London.

History of music.-G. F. Tendall, esq., Mus. BAC., Christchurch.

A.-Matriculation and medical preliminary.

Latin.-Prof. Pond, B. A., Auckland.

Greek.-Prof. Pond, B. A., Auckland.

English.-Mrs. Evans, M. A., Nelson.

French.-Rev. C. Turrell, M. A., Christchurch.

German.-W. M. Clarke, esq., M. A., Christchurch.

Arithmetic.-Prof. Shand, M. A., LL. D., Dunedin.

Algebra.-Prof. Cook, M. A., Christchurch.

Euclid.-Prof. Aldis, M. A., Auckland.

History.-Prof. J. M. Brown, M. A., Christchurch.
Geography.-Prof. Gilray, M. A., Dunedin.
Physics.-Prof. Shand, M. A., LL. D., Dunedin.
Chemistry.-Prof. F. D. Brown, M. A., Auckland.
Mechanics.-Prof. Cook, M. A., Christchurch.
Biology.-Prof. Parker, B. SC., F. R. S., Dunedin.

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Physics.-Prof. Shand, M. A., LL. D., Dunedin.

Chemistry.-Prof. F. D. Brown, M. A., Auckland.
Mechanics.-Prof. Cook, M. A., Christchurch.
Mathematics.-Prof. Cook, M. A., Christchurch.

Geography and history.-Prof. Gilray, M. A., Dunedin.

Botany.-Prof. Parker, B. SC., F. R. S., Dunedin.

There are on the university roll the following who have become graduates by examination:

Bachelors of arts......

Bachelors of science

Bachelors of laws....

Bachelors of medicine and surgery.

Masters of arts

Doctors of laws

Doctors of medicine

The following graduates have been admitted ad eundem gradum:

Bachelors of arts

Bachelors of science.

Masters of arts

Bachelors of medicine

187

11

20

14

114

2

4

29

65

3

16

Doctors of medicine

Bachelors of laws
Doctors of laws.

Bachelor of music

2

3

1

The present fellows of the New Zealand University are Rev. J. C. Andrew, M. A. (vice-chancellor); Hon. C. C. Bowen, M. L. C.; F. D. Brown, M. A., B. SC., Oxon; J. M. Brown, M. A.; C. H. H. Coop, M. A., Rt. Rev. W. S. Cowie, D. D.; F. Fitchett, LL. D., M. A.; J. Giles; Hon. M. S. Grace, M. L. C., M. D.; Rev. W. J. Habens, B. A.; James Hay, M. A., LL. B.; Sir James Hector, R. C., M. S., M. D. (chancellor); Duncan Macgregor, M. A., M. B.; W. D. M. A., LL. B.; Sir George M. O'Rorke, Knt., B. A.; Rev. J. Paterson; His honor, Sir J. Prendergast, Knt. Chief Justice, B. A.; Most Rev. F. Redwood, D. D.; Hon. Wm. Rohlerton, B. A.; J. S. Sale, M. A.; Rev. W. Salmond, D. D.; J. Halliday Scott, M. D.; John Shand, LL. D., M. A.; Hon. Sir Robert Lunt, R. C. M. S.

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These fellows constitute the governing body of the university.

CHAPTER III.

EDUCATION IN FRANCE.1

PART I.-Brief conspectus of the state system of education and operations in 1890–91, PART II.—The progress of primary schools since Guizot's law, 1833. Translation from La Population Française par E. Levasseur.

PART III.—Higher primary and classical schools of France.

MATERIAL CONSULTED.-Statistique de l'enseignement primaire, 1886-87.-L'enseignement secondaire, 1865, 1887.—L'enseignement supérieur, 1878–88.—Recueil des monographies pédagogiques, Tomes I, II.—Résumé des États de situation de l'enseignement, 1889–90, 1890-91.-Rapports sur le budget général de l'exercice, 1892–93.—Service de l'instruction publique, par Charles Dupuy.—L'enseignement primaire public à Paris, par E. Duplan, Tome II.—Revue Internationale de l'enseignement, August 15, 1888.—Files of the Bulletin administratif.—Plans d'études et programmes de l'enseignement secon- . daire classique et moderne.

PART I.

BRIEF CONSPECTUS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND OPERATIONS IN 1890 AND 1891.

[France: Republic; area, 204,092 square miles; population (census, 1891), 38,218,903.]

The public system of education in France comprises all grades of scholastic institutions, primary, secondary, and superior, which derive their support from State and local appropriations. Authority over these is vested in a cabinet officer, the Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, who exercises his control through a large body of officials appointed by himself or by the President of the Republic in advice with the minister. These officials belong either to the central ministry or to the local subdivisions, i. e., académies (17 in number). Each of the three grades of instruction constitutes a distinct department of the system under the charge of a director3 who ranks next in authority to the minister. While the operations of each department

1

By A. Tolman Smith, specialist in English, French, and Belgian school systems. M. Léon Bourgeois held this portfolio from March 17, 1890, to December 6, 1892. At the latter date M. Charles Dupuy was appointed to the position, and at the same time the Ministry of Worship, formerly combined with that of justice, was transferred to his province.

M. Louis Liard is director of superior instruction; M. Babier, of secondary; M. F. Buisson, of primary.

are regulated by laws and decrees special to itself, nevertheless each académie forms an administrative unit, the academic chief, i. e. rector, being the virtual head of all the public institutions of his académie. He is the sole intermediary between the minister and the superior institutions (facultés), but for the service of secondary and primary instruction there are also general inspectors who report immediately to the minister.

The minister is assisted by the superior council of public instruction, a representative body of 60 members, three-fourths of whom are elected by their peers from the various orders of public instruction, the remainder being appointed by the President. The council is not only an advisory, but also a judicial body, being the final court of appeal in certain cases of contention; as, for example, cases of the removal of teachers by local authorities.

Professors of superior and secondary public institutions, and teachers of public primary schools constitute a State teaching force whose requirements are determined by law or ministerial decree; salaries are regulated and paid by the State.

The public technical schools of France (École polytechnique, École supérieure des mines, etc.) are not comprised in the system, the minister of public instruction sharing the control over these with other ministers. Private schools are also outside of the system, although the conditions under which they may be established are determined by the minister of public instruction, and they are measurably subject to State supervision.

In respect to the control and conduct of primary instruction, two orders of the political divisions of France, i. e., departments (90 in number) and communes (30,000),' are treated as divisions and subdivisions of the académies.

The chiefs of departments (préfets) have a measure of control over primary schools; these must be established by the cominunes. Neither rectors nor préfets have unlimited control in their respective provinces, but must act upon the advice of local councils (academic and departmental), which, like the superior council, are elective bodies, composed of members of the teaching profession, inspectors, etc. In each acadé mie there is an inspector (inspecteur d'académie), who directs the general work of the primary schools. A constant inspection of individual schools is maintained by the primary inspectors, of whom there are 450 or one to about 150 schools, distributed among the departments as the number of schools may demand. These inspectors, both academic and departmental, are appointed by the minister. No person is eligible to the inspectorate who has not successfully passed the examination for

The departments are the chief division for local administration. They are divided into arrondissements, each of which contains generally a number of communes. It happens, however, that large towns often fill up one or even more arrondissements in which case the arrondissement becomes a part of the commune. Thus Paris, which is one commune, comprises 20 arrondissements.

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