NATIONAL MONUMENTAL (EX) CONVENTS AND CHURCHES. The national monuments include both convents and churches. These are found in all sections of Italy. They include edifices which once being convents are now used for other purposes. Palermo, Naples, Pavia, Ravenna, Rome, Viterbo, and Monte Cassino may be enumerated. among the number. THE PRESS, 1891. Political newspapers. Sectarian newspapers . Jurisprudence, political economy, social sciences Agriculture, industry, commerce, and finance.... Literary, literature and science, history, archæology, bibliography Physics, mathematics, practical mathematics, industrial technology. Geography and travels.... Musical and dramatic. Fine arts Military Religion.. Fashion, humoristic, Sunday. Railroads.. 461 60 291 178 123 54 29 93 11 28 11 11 115 108 23 1,596 756 810 Total in 1871 Increase IX. THE BUDGET OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. The budget for the education of the Italian nation (about $18,500,000) is an object of criticism when compared to that of army and navy (about $86,000,000). The abnormal disproportion finds its explanation in the situation of Europe; also in the constant efforts of the Italian cabinets and chambers, since the war of independence, to solve the problem of national defense before any other. However, the total budget of instruction, which was in 1872 about $9,000,000, reached in 1890 the sum of about $18,500,000, and there is a manifest tendency towards further increase. This is shown by the ap propriations granted for school buildings, in addition to the annual amount for maintenance; or to teachers, pupils, and families in the form of subsidies and for scholarships in the normal and superior institutes and for the pursuit of special studies abroad, etc. Also in the form of premiums to all kinds of scientific, literary, and philosophic publications; to competitors among the graduates from secondary institutions and to philanthropic individuals who foster with their own means the development of elementary and normal culture among the people. Elementary teachers whose salary has received a small increase have been benefited by the establishment of a pension fund, amounting in 1890 to 34,615,403 lire or $6,681,372. The budget for public instruction in Italy was divided as follows for 1859-290: Of the sums contributed by the Government, one-third is for superior and special instruction, fine arts, and antiquities. The contribution of the provinces is exclusively for technical and nautical institutes. That of the communes, with the exception of about $500,000, is for elementary and normal schools. SCIENTIFIC AND ARTISTIC PATRIMONY OF THE NATION (1890). Libraries, books, manuscripts, etc., value ... Collections, natural history and botanic orchards.. Antiquities Industrial museums Artistic printings on sale at Royal School of Calcography of Rome and Lire. 51, 431, 621 5,657, 334 140, 447, 366 454, 756 1,275, 780 207, 266, 857 Or $10, 002, 513 X.-SCHOLASTIC ADMINISTRATION. Scholastic administration is vested in the minister and superior council of public instruction, composed of 32 members, 2 inspectors, general and central. There are 69 provincial councils, presided over by the prefect, with 1 supervisor and 10 members; 69 "provveditori" of studies; 69 inspectors (male and female) of "circondari"; 69 delegates of "mandamenti;" 6 special female inspectors for the circles of Milan (2), Rome, Naples, Florence, and Palermo, within which the female institutes for women are found. The administration of fine arts and antiquities is as follows: One royal permanent commission of 5 members; 6 special technical officials for antiquity, monuments, excavations, museums, and art galleries; 6 special officials for the license of exportation of fine arts and antiquities; 70 commissioners for the preservation of monuments of fine arts and antiquities in the different cities; 69 provincial inspectors. CHAPTER XI. EDUCATION IN KOREA. By Mr. Poм K. Soп, Formerly member of the special embassy of Korea to the United Statos. In the northeastern part of Asia, located east of China and west of Japan, in latitude 30° to 40° north, longitude 125° to 130° east, lies the peninsula of Korea. This country, known in history under many names, is most familiar to the Western world as Korea. It really dropped this name when the dynasty of Koriu ceased to exist, about 500 years ago. Since that time it has been known to the Oriental world as 66 Ta-Jo-Son" (Great Morning Calm), which is the name of the reigning dynasty. This little country, about the size of the State of Minnesota, is similar to Florida in shape, and resembles California in physical features. It is bounded on the cast by the Japan Sea and on the west by the Yellow Sea. Its northern boundary is the Ap-Nok River, which separates it from China, and the Tuman River, which separates it from Russia, together with a small portion of rocky country, its only connection with the main land. Well protected on all sides by water, it has sturdily resisted all foreign invasion and has justly earned for itself the soubriquet of the "Hermit Nation." Ranges of mountains, well covered with pine and a great variety of hard wood, traverse the country from north to south. It is watered by many navigable rivers, which furnish communication between nearly all parts of the country. The most important of these are the Han and the Ta-dong. Kang-won-do, a province of the eastern coast, possesses many remarkable physical features. The most wonderful of these is the Gumkang-san, or Diamond Mountain, famous not only in Korea, but throughout the entire Chinese Empire. Entirely bare of vegetation, its sharp, angular surfaces, reflecting the light, present the most brilliant and changing colors. Under favorable conditions a remarkable mirage is often seen from the top of this mountain. Hundreds of human figures, sometimes on horseback, sometimes with waving flags and banners, are reflected against the clear sky, and even whole cities have been sharply outlined. So far no explanation has been given of this phonomenon. A giant's causeway, far exceeding in beauty the one on the coast of |