'German is begun in the third [from the lowest] form (i. e., modern shell III).

"Natural science is begun in the third [from the lowest] form (i. e., modern shell III).

physics.
Taught as a
special sub-
ject to some
boys only; 2,
or in some
cases 4 or 5
hours. One
lesson in ge-
ology to all.

The City of London School was established by the corporation of London, under the authority of an act of Parliament procured by them for the purpose in the year 1834, and was erected at their expense on the site of ground formerly occupied by Honey-lane Market, Cheapside, and removed thence to the Victoria Embankment in 1883. It is endowed with an annual sum toward its maintenance, derived from certain estates left in 1442 by John Carpenter, town clerk of the city, and is under the government of the corporation and a committee chosen by them.

The object of the school is to furnish a liberal and useful education for the sons of respectable persons who are engaged in professional, commercial, or trading pursuits, without the necessity of removing them from the care and control of their parents. Boys are admissible at any age between 7 and 15 years, and may remain until 19. The minimum qualification for admission is a knowledge of the first four rules of arithmetic, and ability to read and write. The mode of admission is by an application according to a form obtained of the secretary, which is required to be signed by the parent or guardian, and also by some member of the corporation, either alderman or common councilman. The charge for each pupil is £12 12s. a year, payable £4 48. each term in advance up to the age of 12, and after that age £15 158. a year, payable £5 58. each term in advance. Printed books and drawing materials are furnished as required, and are charged for at reduced prices in each term account. A charge of 28. 6d. a term, payable not to the secretary but to the class master, entitles the subscriber to the use of the bats, balls, etc., in the play ground, as well as to a copy of each number of the School Magazine, besides constituting him a member of the various school clubs. This subscription, though not compulsory, has the sanction and approval of the governing body of the school, and is strongly recommended by the head master.

The course of instruction includes the English, Latin, Greek, French, German, Spanish, and Italian languages; mathematics, arithmetic, writing, book-keeping, geography, history, shorthand, chemistry and natural philosophy, clocution, vocal music, drilling, and gymnastics. The school is divided into two sections, the senior and the junior. The senior section is divided into classical and modern language sides. Before boys leave the junior section their parents are consulted as to the side in the senior section on which they are to be placed. On the classical side boys are prepared for the universities, the London University matriculation examination, and the learned professions. Boys on the modern side are taught subjects specially suitable as a preparation for mercantile pursuits. Facilities are given to boys who wish to pass the examinations of the civil-service commission, and of the Pharmaceutical Society, the preliminary law and medical examinations, and the examinations for commercial certificates.

In addition to the ordinary classical and modern sides there is a natural science division, into which boys may be admitted who have attained a certain standard in literary and mathematical education.

The curriculum of the natural science division includes the following subjects: (1) Divinity, 1 hour per week.

(2) English and French, 4 hours per week.

(3) Arithmetic and mathematics, 6 hours per week.

(4) Chemistry, 6 hours per week.

(5) Physics, 6 hours per week.

Provision is made for boys whose parents wish them to continue, as far as may be consistent with their main studies, German, Latin, or Greek. The object of this division is to meet the needs

(1) Of boys for whom their parents desire a training in natural science in preference to a training in languages, either classical or modern.

(2) Of boys who are intended for engineering pursuits.

(3) of boys who have passed the London University matriculation examination, and desire to pass the preliminary scientific examination, or the first B. Sc.

(4) Of boys who aim at science scholarships at Oxford or Cambridge.

The school is provided with a carpenter's shop, for admission to which there is no extra charge; but boys pay for their tools, full sets of which may be obtained through the school.

Drawing is the only extra. The fee for drawing is 78. a term, if a boy attends the drawing classes on Wednesdays only or on Saturdays only; 148. a term if he attends on both days. The Scriptures are read and taught in the school, and the business of each day commences and terminates with prayer.

The hours of attendance are from 9 to a quarter past 3, allowing an interval of three-quarters of an hour, from 12 to 12:45, for refreshment. Pupils can be accommodated either with dinner at 18. a head, or with a cold luncheon at 6d. a head, at a table provided by the caterer. Parents are advised to purchase dinner or luncheon tickets, which are supplied by the caterer in books. There are optional classes on Wednesday afternoons and on Saturday mornings, and on whole school days from 3:15 to 4:15, when additional instruction (without extra fee) is given in some of the ordinary subjects of school work and in a few subjects not taught during the regular school hours.

A vacation of six weeks is allowed in the summer, three weeks at Christmas, and three weeks at Easter; the other holidays, besides Saturdays and the afternoons of Wednesdays, are Easter Monday, Whit Monday, and Lord Mayor's Day.

The school year is divided into three terms, the first extending from about the middle of January to the middle of April, the second from the beginning of May to the latter end of July, the third from the second Tuesday in September to Christ

mas.

THE EDUCATIONAL COURSE OF CLIFTON COLLEGE (A PROPRIETARY SCHOOL).

The school consists of the following parts:

(1) The upper school, for boys between 13 and 19, which is divided into three departments-the classical side, the modern side, and the military side.

(2) The junior school, for boys between 10 and 14, which prepares for the three departments of the college.

(3) The preparatory school, for boys between 7 and 11, which prepares for the junior school.

The numbers of each part of the school are limited-the upper school to 460, the junior school to 140, the preparatory school to 45.

Preparatory school.—In the preparatory school boys receive a thorough grounding in English subjects, French, Latin, and arithmetic. Their play is systematic, and is superintended by the masters. Their schoolrooms are in a separate building, at some distance from the college.

Junior school.―The junior school have separate buildings within the college precincts, and a separate part of the playground. Their hours are so arranged that they can not have communication with the older boys. They all learn English subjects, French, Latin, and mathematics. In the third forms Greek is taught to those who are being prepared for the classical side of the college, while boys intended for the modern and military sides learn extra French and mathematics. The games are carefully organized, as well for town boys as for boarders, and are superintended by masters.

Upper school.-On entering the upper school a boy has to choose between the classical and the modern side. (Boys intended for the military side remain on the modern side until they reach the upper fourth form.) A boy who is intended for the university or the Indian civil service should join the classical side, unless he is to

specialize in mathematics or science. Those who are intended for business generally join the modern side. Where the profession is not yet decided it is generally better to join the classical side.

Every boy is placed in a "form." On the classical side the form work comprises Scripture, Latin, Greek, history, geography, and English literature, and occupies about twenty hours in school each week, besides preparation. On the modern side the form work comprises the same subjects, with the exception of Greek, and occupies about ten hours in school. The rest of the work, on both sides alike, is done in "sets," i. e., groups of boys chosen from different "forms" according to their capacity in each special subject. The mathematical sets throughout the school, and the German and science sets in the upper half, are common to the two sides of the school. The separate work of the two sides is as follows:

Classical side.--In the third and fourth forms, all boys learn French and science in sets. In the fifth forms, French is a voluntary subject, and each boy has to choose between German and science. The form work becomes somewhat elastic, so that boys are able, to some extent, to cultivate special tastes, especially a taste for history.

Modern side.-In the third forms all boys learn French, drawing, and natural science in sets. In the fourth forms drawing ceases to be compulsory, and German is begun, while French and science are carried further. From the upper fourth a large number of boys pass into the military side. Those who are not intended for the army pass up into the modern fifth forms, where considerable facilities are given for special work. In those forms all boys do English, Scripture, history, French, and drawing, and they may choose any two of the three subjects, Latin, German, and science. Those who are strong in mathematics, science, or modern languages are able to devote a large amount of time to any one of the three. Those who are going to the universities now join a special Greek class, in which they learn the small amount of that language which is required in order to pass at Cambridge.

Sixth form.-Boys are promoted from both classical and modern upper fifths into the sixth form. The whole form attend the head master's lessons in Scripture and English; but for other subjects they are divided into two main branches. In one of these are placed all boys whose special subject is classics; but they continue to give four hours a week to mathematics and four to either German or science until their last year. The other division comprises all those, whether promoted from the classical or the modern fifth, who are to devote themselves mainly to history, science, mathematics, or modern languages. These do a moderate amount of Greek and Latin as a form, doing their special work in sets.

The military side is open only to boys who reach the upper fourth form before they are 16, and are able to reach a certain standard in mathematics. The work of this side is carefully regulated to enable boys to pass direct from the school into Woolwich, Sandhurst, or Cooper's Hill (Indian Woods and Forests). As a rule, only boys preparing for those three examinations are admitted to the military side; but occasionally boys are allowed to enter it who are intended for the profession of civil engineering.

CHAPTER VI.

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF IRELAND.1

MATERIAL CONSULTED.-Reports of the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, 1834–30, inclusive-Review and Compendium of the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee of the House of Lords, appointed February 17, 1854, to inquire into the practical working of the system of national education in Ireland-Reports of the Intermediate Education Board for Ireland, 1885-'91, inclusive-Reports of the Educational Endowments (Ireland) Commission-Reports of the Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the Operations of the Queen's Colleges in Ireland (1884)—The Book of Trinity College, Dublin, 1591–1891—“L'Enseignement Catholique en Irlande-Articles in the Revue du Monde Catholique, March 1 and December 1, 1891, and April 1, 1892— File of the London Times, 1891–92.

Ireland: area, 32,583 square miles; population (census of 1891),

4,704,750.

The principles controlling the policy of the British Government with respect to popular education, already referred to, i. e., the sense of public responsibility in this matter and immemorial regard for local prerogative and private rights, have been displayed in a striking manner in the system of national education maintained in Ireland since 1831. The growth of the system has been phenomenal; the schools which in 1834-352 numbered 1,106, with an enrollment of 145,521, or1.8 per cent of the population, having increased to 8,298 in 1890, with an average enrollment of 828,520 pupils, 17.6 per cent of the population. The ratio of average daily attendance to the population at the later date was 10 per cent, or more than five times the ratio of enrollment to population in 1835. The annual expenditure which in 1883 was estimated at £47,224 ($229,509), and which it was supposed would ultimately reach a fixed sum of £200,000 (about $1,000,000), was actually in 1890 £973,062 ($4,729,082).

CONTROL AND SUPERVISION.

The Board of Commissioners.-The administration of the system is confided to a National Board of Commissioners appointed by the lord

1 By A. Tolman Smith.

Second report of the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland.