ance, and was accompanied with great pain, which gave occasion for the exercise of exemplary patience."

The life of this eminent man shows that a vast amount of good can be accomplished in several walks of life, at the same period, by industry and a systematic appropriation of time.

Sir William was distinguished for his fine address; he had a taste for refined society, of which he was the life; he possessed but little knowledge of books, but by being in constant intercourse with mankind few were better acquainted than himself with those with whom he came in contact. He expended liberally in the purchase of books, and was guided in the selection of them by his pastor, the Rev. Dr. Stevens. His library comprised the best English editions of standard works.

A large number of volumes were selected, which, added to the contributions of others, formed a revolving library for the benefit of the parishes of Kittery and York-each enjoying its advantages at certain periods of the year. He contributed generously to his own church and parish, and gave a four-acre lot for a church at Saco, as well as a liberal sum to the college at Princeton, New Jersey.

Public benefactions were not common in those days; besides, he was surrounded by a very poor population, who required daily relief. His will shows that he had many poor relatives who had anticipated their legacies and yet required his further aid.

After the death of her husband, Lady Pepperrell erected an elegant house near that of her son-in-law, Col. Sparhawk, and the village church; here she died on the 25th of November, 1789. Her natural and acquired powers were highly respectable, and she was admired for her wit and suavity of manners.

The old mansion which Sir William inherited from his parents is plain in architecture, but contains a great many rooms; it was well adapted to the extensive domains and hospitalities of its former owners. The lawn, in front, extends to the sea, and the restless waves, over which Sir William sought fortune and fame, still glitter in the sunbeams and dash around the disconsolate abode. The fires of ancient hospitality are extinguished, and the present inhabitants of the mansion (many families of poor fishermen) seem to wish to exclude all visitors and strangers. The hall is spacious and well finished; the ceiling ornamented-and the richly carved banisters bear traces of former elegance. On ascending the staircase, paintings of angels' heads decorate the hall window. All traces of comfort, however, seem annihilated. In a field near the old mansion is the tomb-a melancholy memento of the frailty of human greatness. It is highly ornamented with the family arms, and an inscription records that it was erected in 1734 to the memory of the parents of the Baronet, but there is no notice of the death of the victor of Louisburg. In this mansion, where he was born and died, the Baronet always lived suitable to his rank, and extended hospitality to the numerous visitors who flocked to see and converse with the victor of Louisburg. His walls were hung with costly mirrors and paintings; his sideboards and cellars were filled with the choicest viands, and his park stocked with deer. He had a retinue of servants, costly equipage, and a splendid barge with liveried oarsmen. His dress was of the expensive kind worn by the noblemen of that day-scarlet broadcloth trimmed with gold lace, a cocked hat similarly trimmed, and a large powdered wig. A full length life-sized historical portait of him adorns the gallery of the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts.

Elizabeth, the only child that survived Sir William, was married on the 1st of May, 1742, to the Hon. Nathaniel Sparhawk, a counselor and judge. He was a son of the Rev. John Sparhawk, of Bristol, and a brother of the Rev. John Sparhawk, of Salem, Massachusetts.

The address of Col. Sparhawk was dignified and elegant-he was liberally educated and possessed a refined taste. A few years ago there was a fine avenue of trees leading to his house at Kittery Point. The large walls of the entrance hall of this mansion were covered with portraits of the Pepperrell and Sparhawk families, and of the friends and companionsin-arms of Sir William. Some of them were rescued from destruction by that excellent antiquarian and elegant historical writer, the late Rev. Dr. Burroughs, of Portsmouth, and grace the walls of the Athenæum there.

Soon after the decease of his son, Sir William sent for David Sewall, Esq., of York, afterwards United States District Judge of Maine, to make a will for him which would convey his worldly possessions to his posterity, and the desire he displayed to secure wealth to his grand-children was apparent throughout. The bulk of it was entailed upon many generations, and the name of Pepperrell was an appendage which the heirs successively were obliged to assume. He thought it secure; but the best laid plans of mortals are often frustrated by that Being who controls all events; and, notwithstanding the entailment, his princely domain was confiscated, because in possession of the last baronet of the name, (a grandson of the first,) who was a mandamus counselor and a refugee loyalist in

1775.

After a rich provision for Lady Pepperrell and his grand-children, and numerous legacies to relatives, to the parish poor, and the church at Kittery Point, and for a school to be kept there, he designated his grandson, William Pepperrell Sparhawk, as residuary legatee of his estate, on condition that upon his becoming of age, an act should be passed by the Massachusetts government, permitting his assumption of the name of Pepperrell and the relinquishment of that of Sparhawk. In pursuance of this, a law was passed authorizing the change, and the honor of baronetcy was conferred upon him by the king, in October, 1774.

The young baronet could not realize the necessity of the decided political movements of the day, nor did he believe that the eventual success of the colonists would repay the cost and suffering of the pending struggle with the mother country, so he retreated to England in 1775.

His course which constituted the treason, for which acts of banishment and confiscation were subsequently passed upon him, is set forth in the resolutions which we shall introduce. His acts therein referred to, were committed before a government to which treason could apply had been created, and he fully maintained his allegiance to the government de facto and de jure, and obeyed the only laws then in force. For his loyalty he suffered, besides banishment, the forfeiture of an immense estate, bequeathed only in trust, to be transmitted to others if male heirs failed in his line, and which no act of confiscation could legally reach. The reversal of a similar case in our courts, some thirty years ago, caused the State of New York to refund to John Jacob Astor, Esq., assignee of the Morris claim, five hundred thousand dollars.

On the 16th November, 1774, in a County Congress, held at Wells, York County, Maine, the following resolutions were passed, viz. :

Resolved. Whereas the late Sir William Pepperrell, honored and respected in Great Britain and America for his eminent services, did honestly acquire an extensive real estate in this county, and gave the highest evidence, not only of his being a sincere friend to the rights of man in general, but of having a paternal love to this county in particular; and, whereas, the said Sir William, by his last will and testament, made his grandson residuary legatee and possessor of the greatest part of said estate, who hath, with purpose to carry into force acts of the British Parliament, made with apparent design to enslave the free and loyal people of this continent, accepted and now holds a seat in the pretended Board of Councillors in this province, as well in direct repeal of the charter thereof, as against the solemn compact of kings and the inherent rights of the people,

It is therefore resolved, that he hath forfeited the confidence and friendship of all true friends of American liberty, and with other pretended councilors, now holding their seats in the like manner, ought to be detested by all good men; and it is hereby recommended to the good people of this county, that as soon as the present leases made to any of them by him are expired, they immediately withdraw all connection, commerce, and dealings from him—and that they take no further lease or conveyance of his farms and mills until he shall resign his seat pretendedly occupied by mandamus. And if any person shall remain or become his tenants after the expiration of their present leases, we recommend to the good people of this county, not only to withdraw all connection and social intercourse with them, but to treat them in the manner provided by the third resolve of this Congress.

Sir William retreated to England in 1775, and was allowed by the British government a pension of five hundred pounds sterling for life, which, together with his plantation in Surinam, and some money in the funds, enabled him to educate his children, and to contribute largely to the relief of his captive countrymen in Great Britain, and to faithfully serve his fellow sufferers in the cause of loyalty. He lent his aid to all good works, and was otherwise exemplary in private life. He was one of the founders of the British and Foreign Bible Society.

Sundry letters from Sir William in London, during the war, to Isaac Winslow, Esq., in New York, who had married Miss Sparhawk, of Salem, a cousin of the baronet, fully evince his charity for his political opponents, notwithstanding the bitterness which marked their conduct and writings. These letters were published in the appendix to the third edition of "Curwen's Journal and Letters," 1845.

It is a remarkable feature in the published letters of the loyalists throughout the revolution, that they exhibit an ardent love of country and great liberality towards those who differed from them in political opinion, notwithstanding their sufferings from proscription, mobs, confiscation, and banishment.

This second Sir William was graduated with high reputation at Harvard College, Cambridge, in 1766. He married Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Isaac Royall,* of Medford, Massachusetts, and died in London, December 2d, 1816, aged 70, having previously lost, by death, Lady Pepperrell and their only son, whereby the baronetcy became extinct for the second time. A likeness of him is owned by his relative, Mr. G. A. Ward, of Staten Island, New York.

Founder of the Royall professorship of law in Harvard University. He was also a loyalist refugee, as was his other son-in-law, Hon. George Erving, another founder of a Cambridge professorship.

Dr. Parsons* very justly remarks that "words and deeds before the revolution deemed patriotic, were afterwards considered traitorous, and so deeply was the idea of their moral turpitude impressed on the public mind. as to have tainted popular opinions concerning the heroic deeds of our ancestors, performed in the king's service in the French wars. We have no sympathy with the joyous acclamations then bestowed on the successful victor returning from the field of glory to be crowned with laurels. We have felt no desire to perpetuate the fame of his achievements, although characterised at the time by patriotism as pure and disinterested as any exhibited during or since the struggle of the Revolution. The latter war absorbed and neutralized all the heroic fame of the illustrious men that preceded, and the achievements of Pepperrell, Johnson, and of Bradstreet are now almost forgotten; and the extinction of their fame, by the revolution, was not more remarkable than the wreck of their fortunes. The Penns, Fairfaxes, Johnsons, Phillipses, Robinsons, Pepperells were stripped of their immense possessions by confiscation, who, up to that hour had been but little less than hereditary colonial noblemen and viceroys of boundless domain.' Pepperrell, it is said, could travel from Pascataqua to Saco, nearly thirty miles, on his own soil, and his possessions were large in Scarborough, Elliot, Berwick, Newington, Portsmouth, Hampton, and Hubbardstown. In Saco alone he owned fifty-five hundred acres, including the site of that populous town and its factories. This princely fortune was, in a brief hour, demolished, and its fragments broadcast by the confiscation act of 1778, and two great grandsons of the hero of Louisburg have since been saved from the poorhouse by the bounty of some individuals on whom they had no claim for favor."

Art. III.-COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

FIRST SETTLEMENT-AREA OF PENINSULAR-FIRST OCCUPANT-FIRST VENTURE BY SEA-POPULATION AND VALUATION-INCREASE OF POPULATION-PESTILENCE-DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED-PROGRESS OF POPULATION-PROPORTION OF FOREIGNERS-COMPARED WITH NEW YORK-VALUATION IN 1638 -EXTENSION OF TRADE-EFFECT OF WAR-RETURN OF PEACE-FREIGHTS-IMPULSE TO TRADE-REVULSION IN 1836-BANKRUPT LAW-GOLD INFLUENCE-RAPID INCREASE IN TRADE-MANUFACTURES, 1845 AND 1855-AGGREGATE MANUFACTURE-SAVINGS BANKS-BANKS OF BOSTON-CAPITAL AND DIVIDENDS-PRIVATE BANKING CAPITAL-COMMERCE AND BANK LOANS-DECREASE OF BANK

FACILITIES-BOARD OF TRADE.

THE Dutch are sometimes playfully asserted to "have taken Holland," and they have certainly done so in a sense in which no other country ever was "taken." They carried on with indomitable energy, through long centuries, a determined strife against old Neptune, before whom they "sat down "opened a regular seige by lines of circumvallation, not underground works, as before a land power, but above ground, with a most

Life of Sir William Pepperell Baronet. By Usher Parsons. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1855. In preparing the foregoing, much aid has been derived from this admirable work-abounding, as it does, in letters and documents-it cannot fail to satisfy the most exacting lover of detail.

extensive series of lines, dykes, and mounds, until the ocean was forced back, and 7,000,000 acres of land, won in the hard struggle from its domain, became converted into the homes of 3,428,233 of the most wealthy people of the world, whose commerce reached $96,000,000 of imports last year. As the Dutch wrested Holland from the sea, so did the handful of Puritans, who left the refuge they had there found to cross the ocean and wrest a new empire from the wilderness, becoming in their turn the richest community in distributive wealth. The rocky hills of New England, like the ocean sands of Holland, afford examples of the power of thrift and industry, where nature is the most niggard. The Pilgrims found the peninsular of Shawmut, with its expanse of 600 acres, divided into three thinly wooded summits, and of doubtful utility, until the Rev. William Blackstone pushed across Charles River and built a hut on the northwest corner, where Spring-street now is. He was the Robinson Crusoe of the place, when, four years later, Governor Winthrop and his colony found him in possession. In the following year Boston commenced its commerce by sending a vessel to Narragansetts to trade. The results of that venture were a home freight of 100 bushels of Indian corn, which, landed on the eastern eminence of the town, gave it the name of Corn Hill, soon after changed to Fort Hill, by the erection of a defensive work.

Trade with the natives was opened by presenting old Chickatabut with a suit of clothes. Thus early did the colony commence clothing this continent, and it has maintained its manufacturing character to the present time. Commerce naturally attracted the attention of the people at an early date, and within the first forty-six years after the settlement of Massachusetts, there were built in Boston and its vicinity, 730 vessels, varying from 6 to 250 tons in burthen. One of these, the Blessing of the Bay, a bark of fifty tons, was built in 1631. The celebrated English patriot and divine, Hugh Peters, caused a vessel of 300 tons to be constructed at Salem, in 1641. The first schooner ever launched is said to have been built at Cape Ann, in 1714. In 1718, Connecticut had but two brigs, twenty sloops, and a few smaller craft, employing but 120 seamen; while Massachusetts, about the same time, had 462 vessels, the tonnage of which was 25,406, and employed 3,493 seamen.

The industry and enterprise of the people added annually to the wealth and importance of the place, and in 1726, at the end of the first century from Blackstone's settlement, Boston contained 3,000 houses and 12,000 people. The progress of population, valuation, taxes, and commerce seem to have been nearly as follows: