for a larger number, he was unable to obtain them in the country. The figures of the Immigration Department do not distinguish in the list of arrivals reported as immigrants, the numbers of Japanese who have previously resided in Canada. This number has become considerable of late. Many of the Japanese who are engaged in the fishing industry go back to Japan at the end of one season, returning at the beginning of a new one. Mr. Morikawa, the Japanese Consul at Vancouver, informs me that during the past year (1907) he issued 1,568 certificates to Japanese returning to Japan. It is probable that most of these intended to return to Canada, the certificates being to enable them to secure passports whenever they decided to do so. In estimating the figures of the last few years, it must be borne in mind, therefore, that they do not relate to new arrivals only, but include an increasingly large proportion of returning Japanese.

During the fiscal year 1905-6 there were, including new arrivals and returning immigrants, 1,922 immigrants in all, and during the nine months (July to March) of the fiscal year 1906-7, 2,042; of this latter number 607 came during the months of January to March, inclusive, which would leave 1,435 for the last six months of 1906.

On a calculation such as the foregoing, without making any allowance for the number of Japanese who should properly be classed as former residents, or for such of the number as may have gone to the United States, returned permanently to Japan, or died in this country, it would appear that between 4,000 and 4,500 would represent more than could possibly have come to Canada from the time of the taking of the census of 1901, up to January, 1907. Speaking of emigration to the United States, Mr. W. M. Nice, a commissioner appointed by the United States government in 1899 to inquire into Japanese immigration, says in his report: I am of the opinion, through personal observation, that 90 per cent of the (Japanese) emigrants to Canada find their way to the United States.' Without assuming any such proportion, but having regard only for conditions such as are generally known to exist and which it is reasonable to take note of in an estimate of this kind, it would appear that the total increase in the Japanese immigration to Canada during that period did not reach 3,000. Supposing, however, that 3,000 Japanese became residents of the province of British Columbia during this time, by adding this number to the total in the province at the time of the last census-which on the assumption that all Japanese included in the census of 1901 had remained in the province-it would appear that the total number of Japanese in British Columbia at the beginning of 1907 would have been about 7,500. I am inclined to think that the total number was considerably less than this.

Assuming, however, that 7,500 was the total Japanese population at the beginning of the year, it is not a matter of surprise that with the arrival at their shores of 8,125 Japanese in the ten months following, the people of British Columbia and more especially the residents of Vancouver, should have experienced some concern, and that as vessel after vessel landed an ever-increasing number, until in fewer months than it had taken years to bring the Japanese population of British Columbia to what it was, this total was exceeded by new arrivals, that consternation should have been felt in many quarters. If anything more were needed to occasion unrest, it was to be found in the simultaneous arrival from the Orient of Hindus by the hundreds and Chinese in larger numbers than those of immediately preceding years. It was an alarm at numbers, and the cry of a white Canada was raised.

III.—THE IMMIGRATION OF 1907.

Immigrants rejected-Immigrants admitted to the United States-Immigrants admitted to Canada-Sources of Immigration Hawaiian Islands-Mexico-Japan -Immigrants sent out by emigration companies-Large immigration due to exceptional causes-Classification of immigrants-Probable numbers of respective classes-Descriptive table giving detailed classification of Japanese arrivals at Canadian ports.

OF

F the 8,125 Japanese immigrants who arrived at Canadian ports during the ten months, January to October, 1907, inclusive, 77 were refused admission to either the United States or Canada, and were sent back to Japan at the expense of the vessels which had brought them here. Of the 8,048 who were allowed to land, 3,619 or 45 per cent, held passports for the United States and were admitted by the United States officials to that country.

Deducting from the total number of Japanese arrivals those who were admitted to the United States, and the number of those who crossed the Pacific, but who were refused admission to either Canada or the United States, a total of 4,429 remains to be accounted for as the number of Japanese who came to Canada during the ten months mentioned. Of this number 2,779 came from the Hawaiian Islands and 9 from Mexico, leaving 1,641 who came to Canada direct from Japan. Of the immigrants direct from Japan, 900 in round numbers were sent out by the Tokio Emigration Company at Yokohama at the instance of the Canadian Nippon Supply Company at Vancouver in accordance with an arrangement effected between these two companies. Hence, of the 4,429 Japanese comprising the total numbers of those admitted to Canada, other than such as were in transit to the United States, 3,679 or 83 per cent of the whole, are accounted for by those who came to Canada from the Hawaiian Island and those sent out by the Tokio Emigration Company. Had emigration from these combined sources, each of which was exceptional in its nature, and due to causes explained in detail in this report, been eliminated; had, in other words, the immigration from Japan followed the channels of previous years, the total number of Japanese arrivals during this period would not have exceeded 750, of which total the numbers representing immigrants proper would be considerably less.

Owing to the absence of any classified statistics, it is impossible to give, save in a general way, such figures as will represent, with any degree of accuracy, the classes of which this 750 is composed. Nine of this number came from Mexico; of the remaining 741 the numbers are made up of:—

(1) such immigrants as held passports for the United States, but were refused admission to that country by the American officials, but who were, notwithstanding, allowed to remain in Canada;

(2) relatives of Japanese residents in Canada, to whom passports were issued by the Foreign Office in Japan on the presentation of certificates from the Japanese consul at Vancouver;

(3) friends of Japanese residents in Canada to whom passports were issued by the Foreign Office in Japan on the presentation of certificates from the Japanese consul at Vancouver, setting forth that on their arrival in Canada immediate employment was guaranteed them by the Japanese who had asked that permission be given. them to come;

(4) Japanese formerly resident in Canada, who had obtained from the Japanese consul at Vancouver certificates entitling them to passports or return;

(5) all other Japanese, whether saloon or second-class passengers, including officials, merchants, travellers and students.

It is quite clear that of these several classes, Japanese belonging to the last two cannot properly be entered as immigrants at all, and those belonging to the first class, though allowed to remain in Canada, were never intended by the Japanese authorities as immigrants for this country. As nearly as can be estimated, those belonging to the first class number 151; of the fourth and fifth classes it is impossible to say exactly what the numbers are. That the numbers belonging to class (4) are considerable, and to class (5) comparatively few is pretty generally admitted.

Mr. Morikawa informs me that the total number of certificates issued during the whole year 1907 to relatives of residents in Canada was 250, and that the number to friends of relatives was 108. Of classes (2) and (3) therefore, the total number who could possibly have come to Canada during 1907 could not have exceeded 358 during the whole year, assuming that all to whom certificates were granted were able to obtain passports and to avail themselves of them. Dr. Munro, the medical inspector and immigration agent at Vancouver, states that of the Japanese who have come to Canada during the past year, 95 per cent were immigrant labourers who came steerage. The remaining 5 per cent would embrace all those in class (5) and possibly a few in some of the other classes. In this group would be included a number of merchants and other persons who had been former residents of this country, and who were returning to Canada; also, travellers or Japanese going to other countries, but all told on this estimate the 5 per cent would constitute about 225 persons. None of these persons, it is safe to say, could be classed as immigrants. If we deduct those Japanese who were not intended for this country from the 741 Japanese who represent the numbers who have come to Canada, exclusive of the emigrants from Hawaii and Mexico and the labourers sent out by the Tokio Emigration Company, we have left a total of 590, which number would include all returning Japanese, all persons belonging to class (5) and all persons included in classes (3) and (4).

That 300 is a conservative estimate of the number of former Japanese residents will be more than borne out by the general opinion of those who are in a position to speak as to the large numbers of Japanese fishermen who return to Japan at the close of one season to come out at the beginning of the next, to make mention of other classes. If, of the remainder of arrivals, we estimate at 100 the total number of persons under class (5) other than such as are Japanese formerly resident in this country, that is to say, all other merchants, officers, students and travellers, we shall have left only 190 as representing the numbers who have come out under classes (2) and (3), and which alone with the immigrants from Hawaii, Mexico, the Tokio Emigration Company, and United States rejections are entitled to be properly classed as such.

The following statistical table may serve as a further classification of the Japanese arrivals, classified according to the sources from whence they came, and the classes to which they respectively belong.

CLASSIFICATION of Japanese Arrivals at Canadian Ports during the ten months ending October, 1907.

IV. THE TOKIO EMIGRATION COMPANY AND THE CANADIAN NIPPON

SUPPLY COMPANY.

Japanese on railroads-Numbers on the Canadian Pacific Railway-Methods on United States railways-Similar methods introduced into Canada-Mr. Gotoh and his contracts-Objects of the Canadian Nippon Supply Company-Indifference as to Company's business-Conflicting testimony of shareholders-The personnel of the Company-Denial of any connection with Japanese emigration companies-Connection admitted-The Company's books and records examinedProspects of promoters of Company-Concerning the securing of labourers from Japan-Japanese Government makes an exception which permits of labourers coming to Canada-Possible explanations-Important considerations in connection with exception made-Negotiations in Japan by directors of Canadian Nippon Supply Company-Policy of restriction encountered-Restriction overcome-Letter containing instructions issued by Japanese Government concerning emigration to Canada-Particulars as to same-Gotoh's evidence re instructions -Time at which exception re contract labourers granted-Consequent activity of Emigration Companies in Japan-Monopoly effected on both sides of Pacific -Secret understanding between Emigration Companies in Japan-How effected -Branch office of Canadian ippon Supply Company opened in Yokohama--Canadian branches-The first shipment of labourers from Japan-Successive shipments of labourers—Statistical tables showing numbers of labourers sent out -Passports granted—Their respective occupations in Japan-Classification of labourers in employ of Canadian Nippon Supply Company Company's method of handling labourers-Supervision of Company's business by Japanese Consulate -The distribution of labourers-The Canadian Pacific Railway Company contract-The Wellington Colliery Company contract.

IN

N reference to the employment of Japanese in British Columbia the report of the Royal Commission of 1902 has the following:-'On arriving, the Japanese immigrant seeks work wherever unskilled labour is employed, as domestic servants, farm labourers, in getting out shingle bolts, wood, cordwood, and in the mines to a limited extent. They are also employed on the railways, in sawmills, shingle mills, boat building, and large numbers engage in fishing during the season. A few are employed as tailors and in other trades..... ...The competition is keenly felt in the fisheries, in the sawmills, and in getting out wood, shingle bolts and mining timber, in boat building and to a less extent in mines and railways......They work under contract much as the Chinese do and are hired by the boss Japanese who takes the contract. He is often a merchant or a regular contractor, and makes his profits chiefly on the supplies furnished the men.'

In referring elsewhere more particularly to the employment of Japanese on railways the report says:- Japanese are employed by the Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia to a limited extent. The number varies in different seasons of the