The CHAIRMAN. Then, after that, you feel that some branch of the Government should look after the maintenance of the boundaries?

Mr. BARNARD. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Where would you place that duty?

Mr. BARNARD. I would create a commission.

The CHAIRMAN. Another commission?

Mr. BARNARD. It must be a joint agency. I believe it can better be done, as well as more economically done, by a commission, or another commission will have to be created by treaties for the maintenance of the boundary line.

Mr. MOORES. Who took Mr. Tawney's place on that commission? Mr. BARNARD. That is, the International Joint Commission, and which is separate from this. That was filled by Mr. Clark, who was formerly a Senator from Wyoming, I think.

I want you gentlemen to understand that I am perfectly frank about this.

Now, here, gentlemen, is something I do not know whether you want to print or not. It takes up the whole history of the boundary line, as to what has been done.

The CHAIRMAN. I think that should be printed.

Mr. BARNARD. That gives an idea of what has been accomplished. If it is the desire of the committee, I will bring that down to date. The CHAIRMAN. How soon can you do that; can you do that by to-morrow morning?

Mr. ROGERS. Don't you think that it would be better to print that in the Congressional Record?

Mr. BARNARD. It is a résumé which gives the information intelligently.

The CHAIRMAN. You will be sure to have it here to-morrow?
Mr. BARNARD. Would it do to have it the next morning?

The CHAIRMAN. I am afraid not, as we are running short of time.
Mr. BARNARD. I will do my best.

(The matter referred to above is printed in the record in full, as follows:)

STATEMENT ON THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL (CANADIAN) BOUNDARY COMMISSIONS, BY E. C. BARNARD, COMMISSIONER, JANUARY 14, 1920.

AUTHORIZATION.

Alaskan coast boundary, convention of 1903.

Boundary from the Arctic Ocean to Mount St. Elias, convention of 1906. Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, treaty of 1908, Articles I to III and V to VIII, and treaty of 1910.

DUTIES OF THE COMMISSIONER.

To be expert commissioner, on the part of the United States, with full authority, in cooperation with the commissioner, on the part of Great Britain, to establish or reestablish the international boundary between the United States and Canada under the treaties of 1903, 1906, and 1910, and Articles I, II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII of the treaty of 1908, to agree upon the manner in which the provisions of the treaties are to be carried out and the division of work and expenditure, to draw the boundary line upon the final maps and certify to the same, and to prepare and sign the reports required by the treaties; and, as technical director of the United States section of the commission, to direct field operations of mapping, surveying, and monumenting, and office work of computing and drafting.

REQUIREMENTS OF TREATIES OR CONVENTIONS.

1. That the land boundary shall be marked by durable monuments at fre quent intervals; that the water boundary shall be referenced by durable monuments on the shore at frequent intervals.

2. That the boundary line shall be drawn by the commissioners on accurate, modern maps.

3. That a joint report describing the boundary line, monuments, and operations shall be submitted at the close of the work.

As there were no maps of sufficient accuracy in existence for the laying down of the boundary line, it was necessary to make them, which involved extending a belt of triangulation along the boundary line for determinating the geographic positions of the monuments and controlling the topographic work; running of levels for the determination of elevations; and accurately mapping a belt extending from one-half to 2 miles on either side of the boundary line for its entire length. And it was also necessary in places to make soundings in the water areas traversed by the boundary line.

LENGTH OF THE BOUNDARY LINE.

The boundary line between the United States and Canada starts at the Arctic Ocean and runs due south 645 miles to Mount St. Elias, then parallels the coast a short distance inland and through the Portland Canal for a distance of 862 miles; and beginning again at the entrance of the Straits of Fuca extends 3.900 miles acress the continent to the mouth of Passamaquoddy Bay on the Atlantic shore. Of the 1,500 miles of the Alaskan boundary, 180 miles are water; and of the 3,900 miles from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, 2,100 miles are water. The portion of the boundary through the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, 1,250 miles in length, was located by the International Joint Commission under Article IV of the treaty of 1908 during 1908 to 1914. Therefore, the present International (Canadian) Boundary Commissions were charged with the location of 4,150 miles of the boundary line.

CONDITION OF WORK JANUARY 1, 1920.

The field work for the location of the 4,150 miles of boundary intrusted to these commissions, namely, from the Arctic Ocean to. Mount St. Elias, and thence to Cape Muzon, and from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean excepting through the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, is practically completed, there remaining to be done during the coming field season only:

The setting of some monuments for a short distance on the St. Croix River. The examination of 15 to 20 miles of the located boundary line on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains by United States parties.

The erection of additional monuments and reopening of the vista along the international boundary line between Alaska and British Columbia from the Portland Canal to the Unuk River, rendered necessary in order that there may be no uncertainty as to whether the many mining claims recently located in this section are in the United States or in Canada.

The work has been done jointly under the direction of one United States and one British commissioner by United States and Canadian survey parties, and one-half of the expense has been borne by each Government.

On the land portion of the boundary 2,550 metal monuments from 3 to 5 feet high, set in concrete foundations, at intervals of one-half to 3 miles apart, have been erected and vista cut along the line. To reference the water boundary, 1,647 metal or concrete marks have been erected on the shores, and 3,000 tile marks have been set along the Maine highlands between the large monuments. A total of 7,215 boundary marks have been set on the 4,150 miles of boundary line located, all of which were set in concrete foundations or in solid rock.

The geographic positions-that is, the latitude and longitude of each of these marks have been accurately determined and the positions of 8,000 triangulation stations have been marked and determined. Approximately 2,000 miles of levels have been run for the determination of the elevations of the marks and the control of the topography, and accurate topographic maps of the belt of country extending from one-half to 2 miles on either side of the boundary line have been made; that is, 5,000 square miles of the United States territory have been mapped.

Although the field work of the commissions will be practically completed during the coming season, there necessarily remains much office work to be done in the computation of the triangulation and the preparation of the boundary maps and reports required by the treaties. Before the maps can be published, the final computation of the triangulation must be made. Up to the present time the final positions of 4,500 points have been computed, and there yet remains to be computed the geographic positions of approximately 8,000 points; in addition to which the geographic positions of 1,500 turning points in the water boundary must be computed.

MATERIALS AND TRANSPORTATION.

The monuments, reference marks, tile, and cement for the monument foundations weighed 700 tons, all of which had to be transported in the field from the nearest railroad station or boat landing from 1 to 300 miles to the monument sites by canoes, wagons, or pack trains, and occasionally part of the distance by men. Also, 3,000 tons of sand had to be transported from 1 to 10 miles for use in the construction of the monument foundations.

In addition to the above, the instruments, camp equipment, food for members of the parties, and feed for the animals had also to be transported long distances.

MAPS.

As the treaty requires that the boundary line shall be drawn on accurate, modern maps, it will require 295 maps, approximately 24 by 36 inches each, for the laying down of the boundary line. Of these maps, on January 1, 1920, 60 are printed and signed, 11 others are printed and ready for signature, 20 others are engraved and ready for printing, 189 others will be ready for engraving as soon as the triangulation is finally computed and plotted thereon, and 15 others are yet to be drawn.

REPORTS.

Of the seven joint reports required by the treaties or conventions, one report, that of the establishment of the boundary line from the Arctic Ocean to Mount St. Elias, was completed and transmitted to the State Department in December, 1919, and considerable work has been done on the preparation of the remaining six reports.

The maps and reports of the commissions will be of great value to other bureaus of the Government, as they furnish a belt of accurate topography extending along the whole boundary line between the United States and Canada, which will furnish a base for the extension of additional surveys. The triangulation executed will furnish a base for the extension of triangulation in the future, and the elevations of the bench marks for the extension of future levels. This information is already being made use of by the office of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, in the preparation of a map of the United States, and advance information is frequently called for and furnished to other bureaus of the Government, such as the General Land Office, the Forest Service, and the Geological Survey.

COMPLETION OF THE WORK.

To complete the work required by the treaties and conventions, that is the final computation of the triangulation, the preparation and printing of the reports, the preparation, engraving, and printing of the maps will probably take from five to six years.

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any further questions?

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Mr. Chairman, I want to ask some questions. I do not know where you were, as I could not hear very well down here.

The CHAIRMAN. Why didn't you mention it, Mr. Huddleston?

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Is this work with regard to the boundary being done, with a view to having it final?

Mr. BARNARD. Absolutely.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. I notice you want to do some additional field work, you say, on the Alaskan border, and I am wondering whether the same situation is not likely to arise at any time at some other place.

Mr. BARNARD. Not so much as they are likely to arise in the boundary line between Alaska and British Columbia, and Yukon territory, because in that locality it is almost impossible to erect permanent markers.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Now, this new work does not have to be done because of the obliteration of the markers?

Mr. BARNARD. At the time this work was done, on account of the inaccessibility of the country and the very bad weather conditions, the boundary party did what they supposed would be necessary for the definition of the boundary line, and that would have served the purpose for a very long time had not the mining activities developed along the boundary line, making it necessary for a more precise definition.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Well, is all of this work being done with a view to future development along the border?

Mr. BARNARD. In the settled country across the Great Plains I see very little reason for the erection of additional boundary markers, except where cities may grow up. But when the boundary line west of the summit of the Rocky Mounains was located by the commissioners in 1859-1863 it was on account of the great difficulty and expense that would have to have been incurred that they erected permanent marks only in the valleys of the main streams at points which were readily accessible, leaving intervals as great as 25 miles between these marks. At that time there was no thought of their having to do anything more. It was deemed by the present commissioners, on account of the great expense of setting the marks, that the marks established would define the Alaskan coast boundary sufficiently for the time being.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Isn't it a very uneconomical way to do this work, to have to go over it a second or a third time? Can not these marks be placed with much greater economy if they are all placed at one time than to go back and do it a second or third time?

Mr. BARNARD. Gentlemen, I think it would be an unjustifiable expense to erect a monument at short intervals all along the Alaskan coast boundary, because a large portion of it is inaccessible. There is no need for it, and will be no need for it unless minerals should be discovered in that immediate vicinity, and this could be readily done from the marks already established. It is a very expensive piece of business.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Well, now, if this work is done with a view of a necessity at some future time of going back and doing it all over again, it will make it necessary to keep this commission a going concern perpetually, and to keep it up with all of the overhead, and that would be wholly unnecessary if we should do the work all at one time. I have a thought which was embraced by the question asked by the chairman of the committee, that there should be a time when this work would come to an end-we could stop it.

Mr. BARNARD. Gentlemen, there will never be a time that there will not have to be some future work done to maintain an effective border line.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. You have in your mind that this commission is really of necessity permanent?

Mr. BARNARD. I leave that to the judgment of the committee.
Mr. HUDDLESTON. You really think that it is necessary?

Mr. BARNARD. I simply want to state the fact. Monuments will be destroyed by natural causes and will be destroyed-for instance, river banks wash away and the monument goes into the river; landslides occur, and the monuments are carried away; snowslides move them; and then in the vistas the timber will grow up and the borderline is obliterated.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Do you have in mind that the vistas should be maintained?

Mr. BARNARD. I think that the vistas should be maintained on the international boundary in order that there should be no uncertainty as to the position as to the boundary line or ground.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. Now, with the triangulations and other monuments you are putting up is it not possible for any fairly credible surveyor to go there and locate that boundary without the interference of the commission?

Mr. BARNARD. I think it is possible in most sections for a surveyor to run a line and to locate any intermediate point. I question whether such work would be recognized in a court of law unless that was done by some joint action of the two Governments.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. There are constantly disputes arising between private owners of land as to the State boundaries, and of course that may occur on this international boundary even with these monuments, no matter how perfect they may be, because there is always a variation of the compass, and of course allowances must be made for errors. I suppose there are some errors in this work, are there not?

Mr. BARNARD. Well, we have tried to eliminate them.

Mr. HUDDLESTON. But, of course, we know as a practical matter you can not eliminate errors from a big piece of work like this.

Mr. BARNARD. The desires of the commission have been that when the reports are made that it will be possible to locate any point on the boundary line from the notes that will be published in the reports. Mr. GOODWIN. On the streams, what is done in the way of marking the boundary lines in order to define it in the stream?

Mr. BARNARD. The boundary lines in the streams consist of a series of straight lines, the intersection of which are called turning points. Now, each turning point is referred to two or more permanent marks on land, and by setting up a transit at these marks a point can be accurately located out in the water.

Mr. GOODWIN. Is that done from time to time or is that a part of the work of this commission?

Mr. BARNARD. That was done that is, this information was furnished to the International Joint Commission in order that a company might construct some log booms very close to the boundary line. The CHAIRMAN. Are there any further questions?

Mr. BARNARD. Mr. Chairman, may I ask the committee some questions?

The CHAIRMAN. Certainly; ask anything you want to.

Mr. BARNARD. Gentlemen, you have all seen the report and atlases of the establishment of the international boundary between the