of local prejudice in which their fathers had trod. With due allowance for exceptions, it may be truly said that education kept within the lines which politics had drawn. Northern students rarely came south; and southerners, if they went north to college, remained southern in spirit. The College of William and Mary nevertheless continued to enlarge its influence, chiefly within southern borders, although many of her graduates acquired a national reputation in public life. It is forcibly said by a writer on William and Mary College: "It sent out nearly twenty members of Congress, fifteen United States Senators, seventeen Governors, thirty-seven judges, a Lieutenant-General [Winfield Scott] and other high officers to the Army, two commodores to the Navy, twelve professors, seven Cabinet officers; the chief draughtsman and author of the Constitution, Edmund Randolph: the most eminent of the Chief Justices, John Marshall; and three Presidents of the United States. And this list, honorable as it is, by no means exhausts the number of really eminent and influential men who owed the formation and development of their intellects and characters to William and Mary. In the long list of students preserved from 1720 to the present time will be found a great array of names holding a very high rank in the Commonwealth of Virginia and the States of the South and West-in the pulpit, at the bar, and in the local legislatures. These, without attaining the eminence of those first mentioned, were the most prominent citizens of the communities where they lived, and were chiefly instrumental in giving character and direction to social and political affairs."

INFLUENCE OF WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE ON KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.

The following extracts from an article in the Courier-Journal of Louisville, Ky., are interesting illustrations of the influence of William and Mary College upon Kentucky and Tennessee:

The first Kentuckian entered as a student at William and Mary apparently was Wm. T. Barry, a member of the class of 1803, and in later life Postmaster-General of the United States. Another member of the same class was A. W. C. Logan, of Kentucky. Richard C. Anderson, of Kentucky, first minister to Colombia, South America (so the catalogue tells us), was of the class of 1804, and he had as a classmate Winfield Scott, of Dinwiddie County, Virginia, in which the battle-scarred city of Petersburg is located. Dinwiddie County gets its name from a royal governor who presided over the destinies of Virginia from 1752 to 1758, and it was during his administration that Braddock's defeat occurred and Washington's fame as a soldier dawned. This same Winfield Scott was destined to command Kentuckians on many stricken fields of Canada and Mexico in later years. The Crittendens were at Williamsburg in 1805-206, and for a term or two later. John J. Crittenden lived in the traditions of Williamsburg for fifty years after he left college in 1807. He was of Welsh blood on his father's side and of Huguenot maternal ancestry. The son of a revolutionary officer, what more natural than that the Woodford County youth should seek mental nurture at the fountain where revolutionary sages and patriots had grown in wisdom,

John Esten Cooke, in Scribner's Monthly, November, 1875. Article on "William and Mary College."

and should take with him all the Kentucky boys he could induce to accompany him to the classic shades of Williamsburg? The late President Tyler, who had little reason to like General Scott, who joined the Whig leaders in their assaults upon his administration, used to tell of the admiration felt in Williamsburg for the highspirited and talented Kentucky youths who were his classmates, and whom Scott cultivated with poor success. The acrid and haughty demeanor of the future Generalin-chief of the armies of the Union had little of genuine sympathy from the bonhomie of the rollicking youth of Eastern Virginia and their Kentucky cousins, who had come from their distant homes to be educated in the political faith and the humanities which were conspicuous features of the training at William and Mary. Jefferson and Monroe and the elder Tyler, the Harrisons for generations, the Tylers and John Marshall, had gone through that wholesome curriculum to become the apostles of the Revolution. What better school for the youth of succeeding generations? In the class of 1807 was J. Hawkins, of Kentucky, whom the catalogue mentions as successor of Henry Clay in Congress. The catalogue is more specific as to Robert Wash, of Kentucky, who, in the class of 1808, graduated as bachelor of law, and became a judge in Missouri. Did Kentucky fill up so rapidly with immigrants that young Wash had to imitate Daniel Boone and seek room in the western wilds? Nathaniel Smith matriculated as a student in 1808 from Kentucky, and in 1809 John Croghan, of Kentucky, graduated as bachelor of arts, while a fellow student and Kentuckian was Charles Todd, who, the catalogue says, was afterwards minister to Russia. Of special interest to Louisville and its neighborhood is the career of George Croghan, who, in 1810, took his diploma as bachelor of arts, and returned to his home, near Louisville, crowned with college honors. The next year he was with Harrison at Tippecanoe and earned a captain's commission. At Fort Meigs, May 5, 1813, he was aide-de-camp to Harrison, and there is little wonder that "Old Tippecanoe" should have chosen him for the desperate enterprise of holding Fort Sandusky, so essential to the integrity of Harrison's communications. That defence of Fort Sandusky, located on the present site of the town of Fremont, in Ohio, is a thrilling story of valor and patriotism. A Kentucky youth, born in 1791, graduating with high honor in 1810 at the alma mater of the statesmen of the pre-revolutionary period, is found in 1814, when just 23, holding a position of vital consequence with 160 riflemen against a British force of regulars and Indians of ten times their number. Sunset found the foe in full flight. The demanded surrender did not take place. The savage allies of England had no chance to scalp Croghan's boys; Kentucky rifles had dealt death unerringly; Harrison's communications were saved and Croghan was a hero. So was Andrew Jackson, when, during his administration, he destroyed papers containing charges against Croghan, then a veteran officer in the Army, declaring that the "defender of Fort Sandusky has a right to commit the offence charged against him whenever he d-d pleases." Croghan died at New Orleans, singularly enough, on the 8th of January, 1849-date and locality, commemorative of "Old Hickory's" defeat of the British, also commemorate his justice to a hero and patriot.

The roll of Kentucky's alumni of William and Mary ends with the name of George W. Richardson, of the class of 1836-37. Chancellor Bibb was at Williamsburg, as a student from Prince Edward County, early in the century. He emigrated to Kentucky afterward. The Kentucky Speeds had their progenitors in the tobacco-growing sections of Virginia. A classmate of one of them in 1825 (the Speeds were educated at Williamsburg) was ex-Secretary of the Interior Stuart, of the Fillmore Cabinet, still alive, and the oldest living alumnus of William and Mary, save ex-Governor Wyndham Robertson, who lives in Southwest Virginia.

*

William and Mary remained the leading educational institution south of Boston until after the dawn of the present century. In some of its schools, notably that of law, presided over by Judge Tucker, uncle of Representative Randolph Tucker, and half-brother of John Randolph of Roanoke. and that of history and economy, in charge

of Professor Dew, its influence was projected into the thought of a full half of the current century. The social characteristics of Williamsburg yielded siowly. The glamour of vice-royalty lingered. Sir Roger de Coverley, the minuet, and the old English country dances yielded to something more modern, as the dances of twenty-five years ago have given place to the german. Leading lawyers still lived at the old capital, among them George Wythe, under whom Henry Clay subsequently studied law at Richmond. Wythe was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and an eminent jurist. He died at Williamsburg, poisoned by his nephew, and on the highest colored authority I am assured that the ghost of Chancellor Wythe revisits the chamber in which he died on the anniversary of his death, making no other sign of his presence than passing an icy hand over the face of the sleeping occupant of the room. There are other "spooks" in Williamsburg, among them that of a young French officer, who died during the occupation of the town by the armies of Washington and Rochambeau, and who insists upon showing himself in the mansion where he died. When the Kentucky boys crossed the mountains and came through Southwest Virginia, via Lynchburg and Richmond, and took the old stage-coach down the peninsula for Williamsburg, the Jeffersonian Democratic idea was omnipotent in Virginia, as it was in Kentucky. Perhaps that was why their Kentucky parents wanted them at William and Mary. There could be no danger of the boys falling into the "here'sies of Federalism" where the ideas of Jefferson and Madison were the almost undisputed creed. Although John Marshall and Light-horse Harry Lee were not without ample following in Upper Virginia of their Washingtonian and Hamiltonian Federalism, the Alien and Sedition Laws and the general course of the Adams administration settled the political faith of both Virginia and her daughter Kentucky, for a long term of years. Jefferson made Kentucky the chosen field for the promulgation of strict-construction States' rights doctrines. Kentucky led Virginia in adopting the Resolutions of '98. Meanwhile, Washington and Patrick Henry died in the same year, 1799, and their great personal popularity was lost to the party of Federalism. In 1801 Jefferson became President, and the tide of national feeling ran altogether in favor of the Jeffersonian Republican-Democratic party, and that party was nothing if not bitterly and proscriptively anti-Federalist and anti-British. Those Kentucky and Virginia boys at William and Mary studied the humanities and law and politics in thrilling times. Jefferson was active in promoting the overthrow of all pro-English sympathies, even in dress and manners. Powder and silk stockings, and swords and etiquette, gave way to democratic simplicity in attire and address. Some of the. Kentucky boys were at William and Mary when the Leopard fired upon the Chesapeake. Scott hurried from college to get a commission in the Army, not even taking time to get his diploma. Croghan carried his sheepskin with him, and his heirs should value above price the parchment that proclaims the successful student at the oldest of Virginia institutions, who was to add greatly to Kentucky's renown in war. The course of events throughout Jefferson's administration prefigured the war with England which followed during Madison's administration, and which settled American political supremacy, with the brief interregnum of 1825-29, for more than forty years in favor of the Democratic-Republican party. Virginia and Kentucky divided at last when the test was loyalty to Jackson-Virginia believing in Jackson as the heir to the leadership of Jefferson. A son of Virginia, Henry Clay, led his adopted State away from Jackson and Van Buren ultimately, and he was helped to do so by John J. Crittenden, who became Attorney-General under Harrison, while his old class-mate at William and Mary, John Tyler, was made Vice-President. John Tyler was not the only Virginian who believed in the Kentucky judgment as to Jackson, for he was sustained powerfully in his anti-Jacksonism by Littleton Waller Tazewell and Benjamin Watkins Leigh, both of whom were eminent United States Senators.

Tennessee contributed to William and Mary neither so early as Kentucky nor so many students. The catalogue gives as the first Tennesseean who was a student at Williamsburg, D. C. Topp, who graduated as bachelor of law in 1829 and 1830, and

in the matriculation book he is registered as the son of John Topp. In 1835-'36, James Oldham is registered as from Tennessee, and among the older dames of Williamsburg I have heard much pleasant reference to the agreeable characteristics of this gentleman. In 1838-39 and 1840-'41, James Buchanan, John W. McKessack, Wm. F. Wood, and Samuel White were students hailing from Tennessee. The catalogue refers to Mr. Wood as having taken the degrees of bachelor of arts and bachelor of law, and to Samuel White as the son of Judge Hugh L. White. This was the Judge Hugh Lawson White whom Henry A. Wise mentions in his Seven Decades as the "Cato of America." It was Judge White that, previous to the Harrisburg convention which nominated Harrison and Tyler for President and Vice-President, warned Mr. Clay of the combinations of the New York politicians to defeat his nomination by the Whigs. The last matriculate from Tennessee before the war was Edmund T. Wilkins, "son of Dr. Benjamin Wilkins, a distinguished physician, and superintendent of the California Lunatic Asylum," says the catalogue.

In the president of William and Mary College of to-day, Kentuckians like Mr. Watterson and Dr. D. S. Yandell will recall Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's staff during the late war. His brother, Lieut.-Gen. Richard S. Ewell, is buried near Nashville. For forty years President Ewell has identified himself with the venerable institution which now languishes. Declining professorships in other institutions, he adheres to the sacred charge placed in his hands years ago. To him I am indebted for many interesting historical facts connected with the political and social development of Virginia. In his companionship I looked at the rare documents showing the interest of the only Stuart, while on the English throne, in the fortunes of William and Mary College, who reigned after the succession of King William and Queen Mary, after whom William and Mary College and Williamsburg were named. For the **Good Queen Anne,” so legend says, loved her “royal college,” and certainly she gave abundant evidence that she felt no bitterness because the "ancient colony and dominion of Virginia" had joyfully accepted the fruits of the revolution of 1688, among them being the dethronement of her royal father, King James the Second. With this venerable preceptor of students, some of whom have earned national reputation, and many others local distinction in many States, I reviewed the remaining monuments of the past, in which Williamsburg is still rich, despite the aggressions of time and the destruction of war. In the campus of the college stands the monument erected to Lord Botetourt, most loved of the royal governors, erected by the Colonial Assembly in 1773, after his death. A rollicking, boyish figure is that of his Excellency, who drove his coach and six white horses across the Palace Green fronting his royal residence. Then Virginians were more loyal to the representative of the King of England than two or three years later, when Patrick Henry uttered his defiance of George III, and Jefferson said, "resistance to tyrants is obedience to God.”

INFLUENCE OF PRESIDENT DEW.

F. H. ALFRIEND.

One of the most influential professors at the College of William and Mary during the present century was Thomas Roderick Dew (1802-1846). He was a graduate of the institution and, in 1827, at the age of twentythree, became professor of political economy, history, and metaphysics. A copy of the laws and regulations of the College of William and Mary, passed and published in 1830, shows that Professor Dew then held the "professorship of political law," with a salary of $1,000. His duties were defined as follows: he was to deliver lectures on natural and national law, political economy, metaphysics, government, and history. The textbook on natural and national law was to be Vattel, with reference to

Rutherforth's Institutes; in political economy, Smith's Wealth of Nations; in metaphysics, Browne abridged; Locke on Government, and Rousseau's Social Contract. Lectures were required at least three times a week upon each subject.

In 1836 Professor Dew was made president of the college, and held that office until his death in Paris in 1846. He was to the College of William and Mary what Professor Cooper was to the College of South Carolina-a teacher whose doctrines entered into the political life of the southern people. In 1829 he published his Lectures on the Restrictive System in economics, which is thought to have had great weight in shaping the tariff laws of 1832. He was also a scientific advocate of slavery, and represented the political views of Calhoun. John Quincy Adams regarded Dew's argument on domestic slavery (1833) as inaugu rating a new era in the history of this country. It is said to have prevented emancipation in Virginia.

Professor Dew gave the most thorough and comprehensive course on history of which the writer has found any record during this early period. When most colleges were teaching the subject merely by textbooks and chiefly along classical lines of study, this man was lecturing systematically to his classes upon the Laws, Customs, Manners, and Institutions of the Ancient and Modern Nations. A published digest of Dew's lectures has been examined by the writer with great interest. While making no professions to originality of research, the lectures were clearly a practical application of the lessons of all past history to the political needs of American youth. As the title of the published digest would indicate, Professor Dew laid chief stress upon laws, manners, customs, and institutions.

The man was well read in the best historical literature of his time. The results of French, German, and English scholarship in the field of classical history were familiar to the lecturer, and his observations are highly suggestive of parallels between ancient and modern politics. He specializes somewhat upon the feudal system, chivalry, the rise of the ecclesiastical system, the growth of cities, progress of royal power, standing armies, balance of power, the Reformation, the English constitution, and the French Revolution. While the Socratic method of question and answer is conspicuous in the early part of his syllabus, which was evidently intended for younger students, the topical method of treatment predominates throughout the greater part of the digest. No unprejudiced student can examine this work without coming to the conviction that the author, in his use of the scholastic method of treating history in distinct theses, in well-rounded periods and compact sentences, knew precisely what he was about and lectured in such a way that students could catch his points. For the ground which it professes to cover, this digest embodies a remarkable collection of notes for lectures and dictations. It would be very difficult to match them anywhere in this country in the period from 1827 to 1846. It appears that the