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new library and a gymnasium. The editors never ceased to quote mens sana in corpore sano and to reproach the regents for neglecting the body and soul of the University. When Professor Moses Coit Tyler, long the popular champion of the gymnasium cause, accepted a call to the Cornell University the editors understood that he was influenced by "the fact that the Sparks library is there-one of the richest libraries in American literature in the country. It is especially discouraging when it is remembered that the Sparks library might just as well have been secured for this University as not. When it was offered for sale, considerable talk was made about buying it, but the business was managed so slowly and so much time was taken to think about it that President White stepped in and bought it for Cornell." In the spring of 1882, upon the return of President Angell from his mission to China, the editors promptly observed: "It was very truly said by President Angell, in his address upon the evening of his arrival, that our weak point is our library. It is impossible that in 30,000 volumes can be comprised half the needs of a great and growing institution like this, and equally impossible that, with the present meager appropriation of $2,500 a year, these needs can for a long time be supplied. Harvard has 200,000 volumes in her library, Yale 100,000, Michigan 30,000."

THE NEW LIBRARY BUILDING.1

These oft-repeated complaints on the part of the students, and a welldirected influence on the part of the faculty and administration, finally brought relief in the shape of a fine, new library building, opened December 12, 1883. It cost something over $85,000, and was designed by Boston architects with regard to the most approved methods of library construction and the special needs of the University of Michigan. It has a fire-proof book-room, or stack, capable of holding considerably over 100,000 volumes. One of the best features of the building is the apse-like projection of the main front of the library, forming a semicircular reading-room, 80 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, lighted from above by a high frieze of windows. Within this capacious reading-room are six rows of reading-desks, arranged in semi-circles conforming to the shape of the hall and accommodating 210 readers. Over the reading'The suggestion that the art gallery should find place in "a new hall for our library" came from President Angell, in his first annual report, 1872.

A Museum of History and the Fine Arts was begun in the University of Michigan in 1855. Purchases of plaster casts of ancient statues, engravings, photographs, &c., were made by Professor Frieze in Europe, by authority of the board of regents, for the illustration of lectures on classical art and antiquities. In 1862 the professor of History, Mr. Andrew D. White, added to the collection by other purchases in Europe, being thus commissioned by the regents. Numerous gifts have since been made, both of statuary and paintings. Interesting to historical students is the Horace White collection of 900 portrait medallions, illustrative of medieval and modern history. In 1876 the catalogue of the Museum of Art and History, prepared by Professor Frieze for the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, numbered about 2,000 objects of his

room and the book-room are the galleries of sculpture and paintings, with smaller side-rooms for prints, coins, and such historical collections as every university should foster. There are two wings to the central building, which are two stories high, 40 feet long, and 30 feet wide. These are occupied by rooms for the administration of the library, a lecture-room, and the seminary rooms of the several departments of the University. In one of these wings are the rooms of the Historical Seminary and of the new School of Political Science. In close connection with the main library, this department draws its materials from the very fountain-head.

At the opening of this new and convenient library building, President Angell said, "The library of the University is the fountain of its intellectual power. Here we all come, day by day, students and teachers, to kindle our feeble tapers afresh by the inextinguishable lamps with which the great scholars and thinkers of all time have illumined the world. Here in our quiet library halls the revered masters of science and philosophy and song condescend to sit with us as guides, inspirers, and friends. Here our University Senate-roll expands until it adds them all to our corps of teachers. Oxford, and Cambridge, and Berlin, and the Sorbonne thus come to dwell on our humble campus." There is no more suggestive reading for the friend of college libraries and rational methods of administering them than the address of Mr. Justin Winsor, librarian of Harvard College, on the occasion of this new library opening in Ann Arbor. His address, President Angell's, and Mr. Raymond C. Davis's, together with a description and plan of the new library building, are all published together in one pamphlet by the torical or artistic interest. Since then the collection has greatly increased, notably in paintings. Professor Frieze, in the president's report for 1879 (page 32), says, "This University was one of the first, if not the first, in this country to get together the beginnings of an art collection, consisting of casts, engravings, photographs, and medallions, forming the nucleus of a museum.”

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The subject of museums of art and history in American colleges is well worth examination. When we learn what has been done, we shall know better what to do. In German universities such museums are highly appreciated and are of great educational value. They are second only to libraries and laboratories.

1 Mr. Winsor ascribes the development of the modern library movement to the influence of Antonio Panizzi, librarian of the British Museum in the second quarter of the present century. The librarian of Harvard University intimates that his own interest in the study of library economy dates from a reading, when in college, of the Blue Books containing the reports of the royal commissions of 1835 and 1848 on the British Museum. They are mentioned here with the hope that, in their old age, these reports may yet produce another librarian.

One bit of practical wisdom from the Michigan address I cannot refrain from quoting: "Mr. Edward Edwards, the chief English authority on library history and economy, has said that the trash of one generation becomes the highly prized treasure of another. It is to-day the rule of the Bodleian, the British Museum, and the other great libraries of Europe, to reject nothing, having long ago learned the folly of discrimination, and I am glad to say that our chief American libraries follow the same rule." (Page 31.)

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