shires and one Holstein. The Guernseys constituted the herd of Mr. J. H. Mackenzie of Yuba City, and nine were bulls, three of which have been sold. The four Jerseys were yearling heifers from the Meridale herd of Ayer & McKinney, Meredith, New York. The Ayrshires purchased consist of a young bull, a cow and heifer from the herd of J. W. Clise, Redmond, Washington. The one Holstein-Friesian purchased was from the Minnewawa herd of the late Mrs. M. E. Sherman of Fresno.

Of the members of the dairy herd, 28 have been used in experimental feeding during the year. Complete records of production are now being kept of all cows in milk. During the year eight have been admitted to Advanced Registry on seven-day records, as follows:

Two official years' records have been completed. Pietertje Bloom, No. 66816, a Holstein-Friesian cow eleven years old, that made an unofficial yearly record last year of 783 pounds of butter fat, has this year given 21,415 pounds of milk and 654 pounds of butter fat. Her two-year-old daughter, Pietertje Bloom 2d, No. 169995, has made the satisfactory official year's record of 13,501 pounds of milk and 473 pounds of butter fat. Thirteen cows of various pure breeds are now being tested for advanced registry.

The dairy herd to date consists of the following: Ayrshires, 2 females and 2 males; Guernseys, 17 females and 8 males; HolsteinFriesians, 23 females and 7 males; Jerseys, 19 females and 2 males.

The hog herd has been added to by the purchase of a boar and two sows of the Chester White breed, three Poland Chinas, two Berkshires, three Duroc Jerseys and a large Yorkshire sow. The present breeding herd consists of the following: Berkshires, 24; Duroc Jerseys, 28; Poland Chinas, 29; Chester White, 3; Yorkshires, 1; and Tamworths, 4.

The breeding herd has been seriously weakened by the loss of some of the best brood sows from tuberculosis, apparently due to the feeding of unpasteurized skim milk. In all 14 sows have reacted to

the tuberculin test and of these two have been lost. Thus far there is no indication of disease in pigs sucking the sows at the time they are supposed to have contracted the disease.

The sheep flock has been increased by the purchase of four Cotswolds, three ewes from the flock of Riddell & Sons, and a ram from F. A. Koser of Oregon. The present stock consists of 17 Shropshire ewes, 3 rams and 4 wethers, and 51 lambs of the various breeds. Of the 45 ewes bred this season, 34 raised 51 lambs, a satisfactory increase of 150 per cent.

No additions have been made to the beef cattle herd during the year. The herd now consists of the following: Aberdeen Angus, 8 females and 1 bull; Herefords, 11 females and 2 bulls; Shorthorns, 6 females and no bulls, and 13 steers. In this branch of our work the aim is to produce high-class steers for class work and exhibition, the growing and exhibition of these cattle being considered an important part of our educational work.

CITRICULTURE

BY

J. ELIOT COIT

During the first year after organization the members of the Division of Citriculture have found it necessary to devote most of their energies toward the establishment of courses of instruction at Berkeley. This proved no light task in view of the fact that there existed no textbooks, laboratory, nor field equipment. During the year two main courses and four subsidiary courses have been established, the laboratory has been equipped with apparatus and illustrative material, and a good beginning made toward a division herbarium, museum, and library.

At Davis. A course in citrus and semi-tropical fruits has been established at Davis and a beginning made toward a plantation of semi-tropical fruits. It is the intention to include in the orchard specimens of all varieties of citrus and semi-tropical fruits which the climatic conditions at Davis may permit, the plantation to furnish laboratory and illustrative material for use both at Davis and Berkeley. A Study of the Factors Influencing Seed Formation in Citrus Fruits. From the work already done it appears that:

1. In all naturally fertile varieties of orange trees, self-pollination. is the rule and cross-pollination is unnecessary. The activity of insects is not needed for such varieties to set fruit.

2. Viable pollen of parthenocarpic varieties is either entirely wanting or is very scarce. It is thus characteristic of parthenocarpic trees to bear fruit without pollination.

3. The time required for complete fertilization after pollination varies with the variety from thirty hours in the Satsuma orange to four weeks in the trifoliate orange.

4. Disintegration of the embryo-sacs sometimes takes place in the Washington Navel and Satsuma oranges. It may occur before the formation of the megaspores, but usually not until afterwards.

5. Some normal embryo-sacs are produced in occasional fruits of both Washington Navel and Satsuma oranges. Thus a few seeds may be produced, provided these particular fruits happen to be pollinated

with viable pollen from fertile varieties. It is the remoteness of the chance of this occurring under ordinary field conditions that accounts for the seedlessness of these fruits.

6. There appears to be nothing in the structure of the flowers of either the Washington Navel or the Satsuma oranges which would interfere in any way with the germination of pollen or normal extension of the pollen tube.

7. Parthenocarpic citrus varieties are probably hybrids between naturally fertile varieties.

The Loquat. The loquat has been commonly planted as a dooryard tree in California for many years. Most of these trees are seedlings which produce only mediocre fruit. All such trees should be topworked to improved varieties. In the future only budded trees of good varieties should be planted.

Either quince seedlings or rooted quince cuttings may be used as a stock. The fruits of the new improved varieties are well worthy of extensive cultivation. An active market demand has appeared wherever good fruits were available.

On account of the climatic requirements of the loquat, its culture on a commercial scale is limited to the more frostless belts and localities where winter rains are not too continuous to prevent pollination and setting of fruit.