juvenile court furnishes a modern method of caring for delinquents who are too young to be regarded as criminals. No work of a remedial character has attracted wider attention in recent times than this juvenile-court movement, with Judge Lindsey of Denver as its leading spirit.

35. Miscellaneous. The miscellaneous articles of the constitution will be hereinafter discussed in connection with the subjects of state government, municipal government, public education, etc.

36. How the Constitution may be Amended. Every constitution should provide for its own amendment, in order that a change of conditions may be met with a change in the organic law by constitutional rather than revolutionary means. The constitution of Ohio prescribes the manner of its amendment; first is the recommendation, and then the ratification. The recommendation can be proposed by either branch of the legislature, and if the proposal is approved by three fifths of all the members of each house, it is submitted to the people. If the amendment is favored by a majority of the voters, it becomes an organic part of the constitution. A second method of amendment is adopted when two thirds of all the members elected to each branch of the legislature deem an amendment advisable. They recommend to the voters a convention for the purpose of revising or amending the constitution. If a majority of those who vote are in favor of it, the general assembly calls such a convention, which is composed of as many delegates as there are members in the house of representatives. There are thus two methods of amendment, and in each method there are two distinct steps. The

initial step is taken by the assembly, and the final one by the people of the state, who are the last resort in matters of constitution making. The people themselves may, how

REPRESENTATIVES

ever, take the initial step, by the use of the initiative and referendum in the manner heretofore pointed out. They also have the constitutional right to vote every twenty

years (beginning in 1932) on the question of whether or not a constitutional convention shall be called.

37. The State in National Government. The state is an important factor in the national government, and as such performs certain duties by the authority of the federal constitution. It sends senators and representatives to the national congress, assists in the choice of a president and vice-president, and supplies its quota of support to the military force of the nation. Each state has two senators. They are elected for a term of six years by the electors of the state. Both senators are not elected at the same time.

38. Congressional Districts. The state is divided into congressional districts for the purpose of electing members to the lower house. Ohio has twenty-two such districts, numbered from one to twenty-two. The distribution of these is left to the state, and sometimes this is made in the interest of the party in power, which procedure is known as "gerrymandering." The present form of congressional districting in Ohio may not continue. The electors of each district vote for their candidate for congress, who need not be a resident of the district, but usually is. The voters of the state participate in the election of presidential electors. Ohio has never used any method other than the general ticket; it has adopted neither the district ticket nor the legislative plan employed by many other states.

39. State and Federal Powers. The state has every power except those prohibited by the constitution of the United States. The federal government has only those powers which are conferred upon it by the states and which are expressed in the federal constitution.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT

1. Compare the constitution of Ohio with the federal constitution. 2. Distinguish, by example, the centralization feature from the local-government feature in Ohio.

3. Compare the legislative department of Ohio with that of the nation.

4. Could your justice of the peace or your postmaster be a member of the Ohio legislature? Who would decide?

5. Is the number of members of either house uniform? Give reasons for your answer.

6. Can a county be without representation in the house of representatives?

7. In what senatorial district do you live? In what congressional district?

8. A member of the house of representatives assaulted a man on the streets of Columbus. Can he be arrested?

9. The house brought articles of impeachment against Judge John Doe of the common-pleas bench. The senate acquitted him. Was he impeached?

10. The State University is asking for improvements that will take several years to complete. How can appropriations be made so as to cover the same?

11. By concrete example distinguish constitutional sanction from statutory enactment.

12. Illustrate the method of passing a bill. Explain the initiative and referendum.

13. Should the governor be given legislative power? Is there a pocket veto in Ohio? Compare the power of Governor Tiffin with that of the present governor.

14. Compare the state and national executive power.

15. Wherein may these two conflict?

16. Can a person constitutionally act as governor of Ohio unless actually elected to the position?

17. Name the executive officers besides the governor, and indicate the duties of each.

18. Why is a party change of administration looked upon as a probable serious disturbance?

19. Why should our various state institutions be kept aloof from politics?

20. Compare the state court system with the federal system.

21. Richard Roe of Columbus robbed the post office of that place, and in making his escape he killed the watchman. Where will he be

tried, and for what offense?

22. Distinguish the local from the state courts. Distinguish the constitutional from the statutory courts.

23. Give an instance where the case will be tried:

a. Justice's court

b. Probate court

c. Police court

d. Mayor's court and municipal court

e. Common-pleas court

f. Court of appeals

g. Supreme court

h. Federal court

24. Distinguish original from appellate jurisdiction, and give an example.

25. Do you justify the juvenile court? Why?