the governor for his signature. If he decline to sign it, he must return it with his objections in writing to the house in which it originated, whereupon the house will reconsider it. If three fifths of the members of that house vote to repass the bill, it is sent to the other house. If a like majority of the other house repass it, it becomes a law.

If the governor holds a bill for ten days, exclusive of Sunday and the day of passage, it becomes a law without his signature, unless the assembly adjourns before the ten days elapse. In that case the governor may file his objections with the secretary of state, who will make a record of the same, and, upon the opening of the next session, return the bill to the house in which it originated. It is then treated as if it had been returned before the ten days elapsed. The governor has the right to veto a part, as well as the whole, of a bill if he so desire (Boynton, School Civics, p. 277). No law passed by the general assembly shall go into effect until ninety days after it has been filed by the governor in the office of the secretary of state, except laws providing for tax levies, appropriations for the current expenses of the state government and state institutions, and emergency measures for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, and safety, which laws go into immediate effect.

16. Initiative and Referendum. The constitution reserves to the people themselves the power to propose to the general assembly laws and amendments to the constitution and to adopt or reject the same at the polls on a referendum vote. It also reserves to the people the power to adopt or reject any law, section of any law, or any item in any law appropriating money passed by the general

assembly, except the laws which go into immediate effect, as stated in the preceding paragraph.

The power reserved to the people to propose laws and amendments to the constitution is designated the initiative. The signatures of ten per cent of the electors are required upon a petition to propose an amendment to the constitution. The petition must contain the full text of such amendment, and, when verified, must be filed with the secretary of state, who submits the same to the electors of the state for their approval or rejection. This is done at the next general election which occurs subsequent to ninety days after the filing of such petition. The signatures of three per cent of the electors are required upon a petition to propose a law. This petition, which should contain the full text of the law, when verified, is filed with the secretary of the state, and he thereupon transmits the same to the general assembly as soon as it convenes. If the general assembly takes no action, or fails to pass the proposed law, it is then submitted by the secretary of state to the electors, for their approval or rejection, at the next general election, provided that such submission shall be demanded by another petition signed by at least three per cent of the electors. Any proposed law or amendment submitted to the people in the manner above indicated, if approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon, goes into effect thirty days after the election.

The power reserved to the people to adopt or reject any law, section, or item of any law is designated the referendum. The signatures of six per cent of the electors are required upon a petition to order the submission to the electors of the state, for their approval or rejection of any law or

section thereof. Such petition is filed with the secretary of state, who submits the same to the electors at the next general election occurring subsequent to sixty days after the filing of such petition. If it is approved by a majority of those voting, it becomes a law.

17. National vs. State Legislation. A comparison of the legislative powers of the federal government with those of the state reveals an interesting fact. The states antedate the nation. The greatest problem of the federal convention was the relations between the state governments and the proposed national government. In other words, just how to provide for an effective centralized power with sufficient authority to maintain order, and, at the same time, to guarantee to the states local government without unnecessary interference on the part of the general government, was the problem of the federal convention. The solution was reached in the ninth and tenth amendments to the federal constitution, in which it is provided that congress may exercise only such powers as are delegated to it by the people through the constitution (Boynton, School Civics, p. xxviii). The federal instrument is therefore one of limitation. On the other hand, the state may exercise all powers not denied it by the people through the federal or state constitutions, and it is therefore not a body of delegated authority in the sense in which the federal government is.

18. Executive Department. The executive department of the state consists of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and attorney-general, who are elected by the people on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, for a term of two years, except the auditor, whose term is four years.

19. Duties of Governor. The governor is held responsible for the strict enforcement of the laws of the state, to which end he has command of the state militia, except when it is called into service by the federal government. His executive function is increased by the power of appointment and removal of certain administrative officers, who are thus made directly responsible to him. The constitution requires him to report to the legislature by message, at the opening of each session, the condition of the state. The governor may call the general assembly by proclamation, stating the purpose for which such special session is called, and no other business can be transacted at that session, unless the governor sends additional messages on other subjects. While his function is primarily executive, he exercises legislative powers in the use of the veto power, and judicial powers in the use of the pardoning power (Boynton, School Civics, pp. 276–277).

20. Executive Succession. The gubernatorial succession is as follows: When the governor is for any reason incapacitated to perform the duties of the office, he is succeeded by the lieutenant governor, whose qualifications of age and residence must be the same as those of the governor. If the lieutenant governor, while acting as governor, becomes incapacitated to perform the duties of the office, the presiIdent of the senate succeeds him; and if he in turn is incapacitated, the speaker of the house of representatives succeeds him. In the event of either of the two last-named officers acting as governor, their tenure of office continues until the vacancy is filled or the disability is removed.

21. Officers and their Duties. The duties of the various other executive officers of the state are suggested by their

titles (Boynton, School Civics, pp. 277-279). The lieutenant governor is president of the senate and may cast a vote in case of a tie. The secretary of state is invested with the control of the state records, laws, bonds, seals for verification, etc. The auditor has charge of financial records and of the records of all public lands, and keeps accounts between the state and the counties. The treasurer has charge of the state money and pays it out in accordance with law, and only when properly vouched for by the auditor. The attorney-general is the state's legal adviser, representing it in all cases in which it is interested.

22. Officers appointed by the Governor. A number of important state officers are appointed by the governor to perform various public duties. Among these the following are the most important: the superintendent of public instruction, the superintendent of public works, the superintendent of insurance, the superintendent of banks, the supervisor of public printing, the fire marshal, and the state highway commissioner.

23. Various Boards. To facilitate administration, various boards are created. These boards are appointed by the governor. Among the most important are the following the agricultural commission, public utilities commission, industrial commission, board of administration, tax commission, and the state board of health. All of these boards are nonpartisan.

24. Judicial Department. Blackstone held that every well-regulated society exercised three governing functions,

legislative, executive, and judicial, for which it demanded intelligence to make the laws, power to enforce them, and good will to interpret them (Boynton, School