person, of whatever party, for whom he desires to vote. The cross in the circle is a vote for all the candidates on that ticket except those for the offices for which names are marked on other party tickets; the cross before the names of such candidates constitutes a vote for them.

The names of all candidates named by petition and not at a primary election appear on the ballot without any designation whatever, except the names of the offices to be filled, such names being printed in separate columns provided for that purpose.

The only way a voter can vote for any such candidate is by making a cross in the space at the left of the name.

148. Form of Ballot. The law prescribes a form of ballot. This varies in different states.

149. Nonpartisan Tickets. In recent years an effort has been made to withdraw candidates for school and judicial offices from partisan politics. The names of candidates for these offices are placed upon separate nonpartisan ballots, which are furnished to the voter with the regular Australian ballot. These tickets contain no party emblem or any other designation except the office to be filled and the names of the candidates. To vote this ticket intelligently the voter must familiarize himself with the names of the various candidates and their qualifications for the office.

150. Safeguarding the Elective Franchise. The laws of Ohio contain various provisions designed to have the elections conducted orderly and to prevent and punish fraudulent voting.

Deceiving an elector who can neither read nor write, and tampering with the ballot boxes, polling books, or sheets, are forbidden. Severe penalties are provided for bribing or

corrupting the voter, or hindering or interfering with his free right of voting. Election officials may be punished for making false returns or failing or neglecting to perform their duties.

The law reaches political committees, organizations formed to further a candidate's cause, and the candidate himself by compelling all such to make full disclosures with respect to contributions received and expenditures made or incurred in the conduct of the campaign and election.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT

1. Who has charge of the election machinery of our state? What deputies has he?

2. Can you ascertain the name of the present secretary of state and the deputies for this county?

3. Why did it seem necessary to change the old law by which we nominated candidates for office?

4. When are the primary elections held?

5. Who has a right to vote at a primary election?

6. Is there any other way by which nominations may be made except through primary elections?

7. What officers constitute the so-called Party Machinery? Are they legal officers?

8. Do you believe Party Machinery necessary? Give arguments pro and con.

live

9. What is understood by party platform? Do political parties up to the promises in the platform?

10. What is a presidential preference primary? Is the result, binding upon the delegates?

11. Why is it necessary to register before you are permitted to cast a ballot?

12. For what officers may women vote? Do you believe they ought to have full franchise rights? Give arguments pro and con. 13. Where do electors vote? Define precinct. What are ballot boxes?

14. Why has Ohio adopted the Australian ballot? Do you think such a method necessary?

15. How would you vote a straight ticket? a mixed ticket? Can you vote for any one whose name is not printed on the ballot ? 16. What reasons can you assign for nonpartisan tickets?

17. How long are the polls open on election day? What are the safeguards with regard to bribery or other improper influence? 18. Are saloons open on election day? Why?

19. Why are candidates required to disclose the amount of money they have expended for campaign purposes?

20. How does suffrage differ from citizenship? Why hold national, state, county, and township elections on the same day?

21. Can you tell of any notable instances of election corruption or bribery in Ohio ? What methods of punishments are provided for

the same?

CHAPTER X

REMEDIAL POWERS

151. The Ethics of Government. When we pass from the field of political organization, central and local, into that of administration, the main subjects become rights and wrongs, with special reference to the legal procedure for securing the rights and redressing the wrongs. The American idea of government was never better stated than in the declaration of independence, where it was declared once and for all that government was but a means to reach an end. The end was declared to be the security of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The federal constitution states the purposes of government to be to establish justice, to promote the general welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty for mankind.

152. Individual Rights. It will be noted that government is both positive and negative, constructive and restrictive. As a positive and constructive agency it deals with rights; as a negative and restrictive agency it has to do with wrongs. The rights of which government takes notice are the rights of persons and the rights of property. The state undertakes, through the central and local authority, to guarantee to every citizen personal security of life, limb, and reputation. It has accordingly clearly defined the various offenses against the person of a citizen and has fixed penalties for the offender. The state also permits any citizen whose

support has been destroyed by a personal injury to the one upon whom the support depended to sue the offender for a money damage. In case this support has been destroyed by riot, the county in which the riot occurred is held responsible in a fixed amount of damages. In this manner a citizen is protected in his reputation by the remedy for libel and slander; in his personal liberty through the writ of habeas corpus; in his health by the right of abating a nuisance; and in his marital relations by his right of action for the breach of contract.

153. Right of Property. Protection of the law extends to the right of property. The law preserves to the citizen his right to acquire and hold title to the exclusion of others, whether it was secured by inheritance, alienation, prescription, or mere occupation. By a system of deeds of conveyance and record of the same it permits the permanent quieting of a title. If a person attempts wrongly to hold another's real property, the state affords the remedy of forcible detainer, by which the intruder is expelled from the property. If personal property is wrongly withheld, the remedy may be attachment or replevin, by which legal possession can be secured.

154. Contractual Rights. In addition to the above, the state undertakes to guarantee contractual rights, or those which grow out of agreements between two or more persons to do or not to do some particular thing upon a sufficient consideration. If such an agreement is violated by either party, the other may have redress, either in specific performance or in his remedy for damages. A contract to be valid must be between competent parties and must be based upon a valid consideration. Contracts are classified