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In the former of these divisions-that of general and more popular instructionthe teaching will be conducted by means of lectures alone, except in the drawing school, and in mathematical subjects requiring more familiar modes of exposition. As it is the purpose in these courses to open the halls of the Institute as widely as possible to those who desire to profit by such teachings, students will be admitted to the courses on general and applied science, and on drawing, without a preliminary examination, and subject only to such conditions and restraints as are usual in public lectures, or as may be found best fitted to make them useful and interesting. In the second division of the school-that of systematic and professional instruction-the student while attending lectures on the various branches, will have the benefit of laboratory exercises in manipulation and analysis; of continued practice in the kinds of drawing appropriate to his studies; and of such prolonged and thorough training in the class room, and by examinations, and other exercises, as will give him a ready command over the problems with which, as a mechanician, engineer, builder, practical chemist, or scientific miner, he may be called upon to deal.

To be admitted to this division of the school, students must have attained a certain degree of preparation, hereafter to be prescribed; and after having entered, they will be subject to classification and direction in their studies, as well as to examinations and other tests of acquirement, in the progress and at the close of their terms.

FIRST DEPARTMENT-GENERAL OR POPULAR COURSE.

This department of the school is designed to embrace lectures in elementary mathematics, in physics and mechanics, in chemistry, in geology and mining, and in botany and zoology; especial regard being had in each case to the facts and scientific principles which are of leading importance in connection with the useful arts. The courses of instruction will be given chiefly in the evening and will be open to both sexes. From the variety of practical subjects embraced in them, and the convenience of the hour, it is expected that they will be largely attended by persons engaged in mechanical, manufacturing, and mercantile pursuits, by teachers and students in the normal and other schools, as well as by others whose taste and leisure lead them to avail themselves of such instruction.

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A detailed list of topics of lectures is given.

SECOND DEPARTMENT-SPECIAL AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

This department of the school is intended—

First. For such students as, by a full course of scientific studies and practical exercises, seek to qualify themselves for the professions of the mechanical engineer, the civil engineer, the builder and architect, the practical chemist, and the engineer of mines.

Second. For those who aim simply to secure a training in some one or more of the branches of applied science-such as descriptive goemetry applied to construction, perspective, etc.; chemical analysis; machinery and motive powers; general physics and chemistry, with manipulations; geology and mining; navigation and nautical astronomy; metallurgy of iron, copper, etc.

The entire series of instructions, arranged in reference to the above named professional divisions, offers to the student five courses having more or less in common, viz:

1. A course on mechanical construction and engineering.

2. A course on civil and topographical engineering.

3. A course on building and architecture.

4. A course on practical and technical chemistry.

5. A course on practical geology and mining.

The studies of each of these divisions are arranged so as to extend over a period of four years, including the first or introductory course; but, as students are permitted to enter any of the advanced classes for which they are prepared, they will, in many cases, be able to complete the prescribed course in three or even less than three years.

The "Scope and Plan" continues with a scheme of what should constitute the several courses in each year, with statements regarding conditions of admission, diplomas and certificates, methods and apparatus, instruction and examination.

Of these the more important to note, as making definite progress in ideas and methods, are the "practice in physical and chemical manipulation," and "laboratories and laboratory training."

Under the former caption occurs this statement:

It will be the object of these exercises to make the student practically familiar with the adjustments and use of the apparatus and agents employed in the more important experiments and processes in natural philosophy and chemistry. With this view, the students, under the direction of their teacher, will be called, by small classes at a time, to execute with their own hands various experiments in mechanics, pneumatics, sound, optics, electricity, and other branches of experimental physics, and to exhibit chemical reactions, to fit up chemical apparatus, to prepare gases and other products, and demonstrate their properties by suitable experiments, accompanying these manipulations, when required, with an explanation of the apparatus used or of the process or experiment performed. These exercises will be held either in the lecture rooms or in the appropriate laboratories hereafter to be described, as at the time may be found most expedient.

Under the second heading follows:

The laboratory arrangements of the school are designed, when complete, to embrace the following departments:

1. A laboratory of physics and mechanics.

2. A laboratory of general chemical analysis and manipulation.

3. A laboratory for metallurgy and mining.

4. A laboratory for industrial chemistry.

While intended primarily for the instruction of the students, these laboratories will be used for the prosecution of experiments and investigations on subjects referred to them by the committee of the museum or the several committees of arts, including the examination and testing of new machines and processes, and the conducting of original research in the different departments of applied science; and in these critical studies and experiments the advanced students may, when expedient, be permitted to assist.

Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics.

In this laboratory it is proposed to provide implements and apparatus with which the student may be exercised in a variety of mechanical and physical processes and experiments. Thus he may learn practically the methods of estimating motors and machines by the dynamometer, of experimenting on the flow of water and air and other gases, and of testing the strength of the materials used in construction. He may become familiar with the adjustments and applications of the miscroscope; be practised in observing with the barometer, thermometer, and hygrometer; and, in a room fitted up for photometry, may learn the mode of measuring light produced by gas and other sources of illumination, and the value of different kinds of burners, lamps, and their appendages.

Laboratory for General Chemical Analysis.

In this laboratory provision will be made for a complete and comprehensive course of instruction in qualitative and quantitative analysis-embracing organic as well as inorganic substances and blending lectures with the systematic practice of the laboratory.

Students proposing to take the course will be expected to have passed through the first two years' teachings of the Institute, or to be possessed of such knowledge of general chemistry and physics as these preliminary studies are intended to impart. Besides this general and extended course, it is proposed to have certain partial courses in which students having a special object in view may obtain instruction of a specific kind without going through the entire range of laboratory training. Such would be

1. Exercises in organic analysis.

2. Exercises in blowpipe testing.

3. Household and commercial analysis, including the testing of waters, detection of adulterations in food, etc., alkalimetry, acidimetry.

4. Chemical toxicology, detection of arsenic, and other poisons.

Laboratory for Mining and Metallurgy.

Connected with the general laboratory, but forming a distinct department, will be a laboratory of mining and metallurgy, designed for special instruction in whatever relates to practical mineralogy, the chemical valuation of ores, and the operations of smelting and other processes for the separation and refining of metals.

In this department students already trained to some extent in analytical processes will be exercised in the examination and discrimination of rocks and minerals by mechanical and chemical tests, including a course of practice with the blowpipe, and will be taught the several methods of assaying the ores and alloys of copper, iron, lead, silver, and other useful metals, as well by the dry as the wet method; of analyzing the fluxes used in the smelting furnaces and the slags resulting from the blast, and of determining the combustible value of the mineral or other fuel with which furnaces are supplied.

In aid of these instructions the student will have the opportunity of studying the models of mines and of mining and metallurgical implements and machinery, and the collections of rocks, fossils, minerals, and ores, with their manufactured products, provided and arranged specially to facilitate his studies in this department.

Laboratory for Industrial Chemistry.

It is further proposed to connect with the general laboratory a department of industrial chemistry, where students may have an opportunity of becoming practically familiar with the materials, implements, and processes of the more important chemical arts and manufactures.

In this department will be provided a collection of dyestuffs, mordants, discharges, and other substances used in the operations of dyeing, color printing, and bleaching, together with such apparatus as may be necessary, on a small scale, to exemplify these several processes as in actual use.

Here the student will have access to suites of specimens, embracing the crude materials and products of the glass and pottery and brick and tile manufactures, the different soaps, soda ash, bleaching salts, acids, saline products, lakes, pigments, inks, cements, tanning substances, and other materials and products of the chemical arts, and will be provided with facilities for studying practically the reactions and processes connected with their use and manufacture.

Provision will also be made in this laboratory for the practical illustration of the chemical modes of engraving and lithography, and for exhibiting the various methods and processes of electrometallurgy as applied to silvering, gilding, and the deposition of copper and brass.

These last paragraphs form a specific statement, which will be found to outline closely the laboratory instruction in physics, mechanics, general and industrial chemistry, metallurgy, and mining, as actually developed later, and as applied to the everyday instruction of classes. These ideas had been intimated more or less clearly in preceding publications, by Professor Rogers, but had (so far as known to the writer) been nowhere as definitely stated as here.

The quotations afford a clear idea of the intention of the managers of the Institute at the outset. That the progressive development of the work of the school in later years has followed with striking closeness the plan thus laid down is a tribute to the remarkable sagacity and foresight displayed in its design.

PRESENT SCOPE OF THE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE.

The School of Industrial Science constitutes by far the most impor tant and widely known part of the Institute, so that to most persons the title of the Institute denotes this alone. The school was opened in a restricted way, with a few students, in hired rooms, on Summer street, in 1864. In the first annual catalogue (1865-66) appear the titles of six reg. ular courses, that in "general science and literature" being added to the five already enumerated (p. 295). As no students were to graduate till 1868 the work of the higher years was, of course, but little organized, but entire schedules of work in the first four courses were given. The growth of these several courses, and the addition of others, need not be here followed in detail. Continual active revision, improvement, and extension have characterized and still mark the work of the school.

The presidency of the Institute has been held by Prof. William B. Rogers, LL. D., founder and first president (1862–1870); Prof. John D. Runkle, LL. D. (1870-1878), and Gen. Francis A. Walker, LL. D. (1881), the present executive. Professor Rogers also held office for a period of three years (1878-1881) preceding the appointment of President Walker. Under the able administration of these gentlemen, Supported by a faculty wholly devoted to the interests of the institution, and a corporation earnest for its progress and generous in its times of pecuniary embarrassment, the Institute has developed in spite of most serious financial difficulties with increasing, and latterly with very great, vigor, and holds a widely recognized position as a technical school of exceptionally broad scope and fine equipment. Its teaching staff in 1888-89 embraced 29 profes sors, associate and assistant professors, 36 instructors, 21 assistants, and 10 lecturers on special topics; and its registration of students numbered

827.

The general appreciation of the character of the Institute's work is indicated in some degree by the statistics of residence of its students. Of the 827 students registered in 1888-89,211 were from outside New England (30 States, the Territories of Dakota, Wyoming, and New Mexico, and the District of Columbia, and several foreign countries being represented); 494

or 59.7 per cent. were from Massachusetts; 105 were from other New England States. Seventeen students were from the following countries, viz: Brazil, Greece, Guatemala, Hawaiian Islands, Ireland, New Brunswick, Peru, Canada, Scotland, Turkey, and the West Indies. Several Japanese have at various times been students, and three have taken the degree of the Institute.

In the register for the same year appear the names of 34 graduate students. Of these, 9 are graduates of Harvard University, 4 of Brown University, 3 of Yale University, 2 each of Vassar College and Georgetown College, and 1 each of Oxford University, University of Minnesota, University of the Pacific, Iowa State University, Oregon State University, Union College, Oberlin College, Wellesley College, Smith College, Hobart College, Haverford College, St. John's College, St. Mary's College, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sixteen of these are regular and 18 are special students.

At the present time (1889) the Institute has five buildings, viz: (1) The Rogers Building, on Boylston street (150 by 95 feet, 5 stories), devoted mainly to instruction in mathematics, literature, history, political science, biology, geology, and mineralogy, and containing, also, the John Cummings Laboratory of Mining and Metallurgy. This building also now contains the laboratory of mechanical engineering, and that of applied mechanics. These are, however, to be transferred during the current school year, to the engineering building now in process of erection.1 (2) The new building (150 by 90 feet, 5 stories), located on the same square with the Rogers Building, and devoted to the departments of chemistry, physics, electricity, and architecture, and to instruction in language. The department of civil engineering is also located in this building, but will remove to the engineering building upon its completion. (3) The engineering building (150 by 50 feet, 6 stories), on Trinity Place, near the foregoing. This will be devoted to the drawing and recitation rooms of the civil and mechanical departments, and to the engineering laboratories. (4) A series of workshops (150 by 150 feet), on Garrison street. (5) A gymnasium and drill hall on Exeter street.

At present the Institute gives the degree of bachelor of science in the following courses, each of four years' duration. Students pursuing any one of these courses in full are classed as regular students.

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The degree of master of science is given for proficiency in complete advanced courses of study of at least one year's duration.

The removal took place as intended.

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