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This takes up iron, steel, brass, and other alloys where the metallurgy leaves them as crude products, and carries them through all the various processes of manufacture and finally delivers them to the engineer as finished products.

Electrical engineering (Professor Moldenke).-In view of the increasing importance of this interesting subject in its various power applications, a course in electrical engineering, with special reference to mining engineering, has been established. In the department of physics the student is taught all the elementary principles, he is required to make experimental tests, and is given a complete course in electrical measurements. He then comes into the machine shop and carries out such designs and plans of electrical experimental work as he may have worked up in the drawing room, and tests it in the various stages of building, making the necessary changes and improvements which electrical testing, properly interpreted, helps him to do. He also builds dynamos and motors of various patterns. He is taught to handle arc, incandescent, and alternating dynamos, storage batteries, also motors, and especially long-distance power-transmission and transformers. In short, he is given the opportunity to familiarize himself with the leading features of electricity up to date.

The machine shop has a complete equipment of dynamos, motors, electrical testing apparatus, and electrical supplies of all kinds; the plant also answering for the complete lighting of all the buildings, thus giving the student an opportunity of practically handling the wiring and electric illumination of large establishments.

Surveying (Professor Edwards). This course is planned to furnish students with all the theoretical knowledge, as well as all the practice, necessary to enable them to take intelligent charge of an instrument in any survey that will ordinarily fall in the duties of a mining engi. neer. The class is divided into squads of three or four men, and each squad completes the required list of surveys, about fifteen in number, making necessary calculations, plats, etc. The school has the necessary equipment for surveying purposes.

Hydraulics (Professor Edwards).-Recitations from Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics, with the solution of a great variety of problems of a more or less practical nature.

Mining (Professor Edwards).-The course in mining consists of a series of lectures on practical mining and mining machinery, the list of subjects being the same as usually covered in technical schools. In addition to the lectures, a prominent feature of the course is a system of weekly or semi-monthly excursions to mines in the vicinity of the school, to enable the students to see for themselves the systems and machinery described. For example, the subject being discussed by lecture is shaft-sinking; before another subject is taken up, or very soon after, the students are taken to some mine where shaft-sinking is in progress. There are numbers of excellent examples within ten

miles of the school, where the students can watch the progress for an entire shift and afterwards write a description of what they have seen, to be examined by the professor in charge. In this way the lectures are admirably illustrated.

Chemical and assay department (Professor Packard and Mr. Sharpless). The chemical laboratories, chemical lecture, balance, supply, spectroscope, and professors' rooms occupy the third or upper story of the building.

The assay laboratory, with its balance and desk rooms, is in the basement. The chemical laboratories are provided with large hoods or fume chambers which connect by special flues with the general ventilating shaft, while the laboratory rooms communicate with the general system of ventilation in the building.

The assay laboratory contains ten large crucible furnaces and eighteen muffle furnaces of the Brown pattern, and other equipment and apparatus for practical work.

The instruction is entirely in inorganic chemistry.

Ore dressing (Mr. Sharpless).-During the fall and winter terms, the instruction in ore dressing is given by text-book and lectures, illustrated with drawings from working models, and visits are made to many of the dressing works of this county, all of which are open to the inspection of students. The school has contracted for a well-appointed mining laboratory, to be in operation in the spring of 1890.

During the spring the student spends 5 weeks in this laboratory working upon free-milling and refractory ore.

Metallurgy (Mr. Sharpless). The course in metallurgy is given by textbook and illustrated lectures. During the year visits are made to the various metallurgical works of this vicinity, and reports made of the methods employed. It is hoped that a metallurgical laboratory will be opened soon, which will work in connection with the mining laboratory.

It will be the aim of the metallurgical and mining laboratories to determine the best methods of treating given ores and give the working results; results which in many cases are only approximate in the chemical laboratory.

Crystallography (the director).-The instruction in this subject will be given by means of lectures and laboratory practice in determining the forms and planes of about 1,000 glass and wooden crystal models, with recitations upon the same. For undergraduate work the instruction is contined to giving the student the practical knowledge of crystal forms which he needs in his determinative mineralogy.

Blowpipe analysis (the director).-Blowpipe analysis is taught in connection with determinative mineralogy so far as needed for mineral determination, while further instruction is given in the course in qualitative analysis.

Mineralogy (the director).-For determinative mineralogy there is

provided a typical set of all the important minerals, special attention being paid to those of economic value, as well as to those occurring as gangue or rock-forming minerals. Further collections are arranged showing the physical character of minerals, their pseudomorphs, etc.

Petrography (the director).-This subject is treated under two heads: Lithology, or the determination of rocks, and petrology, or the mode of occurrence of rocks.

Geology (the director).-In general geology the instruction will be given with special reference to the future work of the student, and will relate chiefly to dynamical and structural geology. For advanced students instruction will be provided in higher and original work.

Economic geology (the director).-The instruction in this subject will be given by means of lectures, recitations, and practical observations in field and in mines.

Special attention is given to the instruction in mineralogy, petrography, and geology, in order that the student may in after years understand the nature of the deposits upon which he may be at work; since disastrous mistakes probably occur in the practice of a mining engineer oftener through ignorance of the petrographical and geological relations of the ore deposits in question than from a lack of engineering and metallurgical skill.

The location of the school affords especial advantage for the study of petrography and general and economic geology. It is situated in the midst of the vast and ancient lava flows and conglomerates generally known as the Copper Bearing or Keweenawan Series, and near the Eastern or Potsdam Standstone. In the immediate vicinity are to be solved some of the most important and fundamental problems of petrographical and geological science-e. g., the metamorphism or alteration of rocks, the true age of the so-called Keweenawan Series, the relation of the so-called Huronian and Laurentian Series, the origin of the iron ores, etc.; while almost every problem of geology finds its illustration in some portion of the Upper Peninsula.

The instruction in the various departments under the charge of the director is intended to be given so that persons who wish to obtain a knowledge of the subjects as a matter of general information, or to prepare themselves for teachers or investigators, can attend with advantage.

The last four weeks of the third year are spent in the field and in mines in the practical study of various questions in general and economic geology, mineralogy, and petrography.

The State Geological Survey of Michigan has been placed under the charge of the director of the mining school, and its office and collections are placed in the new building.

Thesis. Every student completing the three years' course is required to present to the faculty a satisfactory thesis, embodying the results of some investigation upon some subjects related to the studies of that

course.

AIMS OF THE SCHOOL.

The mining school was organized to train men to aid in the development of the mines of the country and a knowledge of its geology. Its course has been arranged on the same plan as are those of advanced schools of law, medicine, and theology, to give the necessary special education required to fit men for their chosen profession. According to this view it has been assumed that the general education of the pupils has been completed before entering the school, and the course is arranged expressly to meet the wants of those who have completed their literary education. At the same time special attention is paid to training the philosophical powers in the departments of mineralogy and geology.

EQUIPMENT.

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Provision has been made for ample equipment of the school in all its departments, except a metallurgical laboratory. A good working library is being purchased and arranged, while the reading room is stocked with the leading home and foreign technical and scientific periodicals. A stamp mill and ore-dressing department, complete assay laboratory, machine shop, geological laboratories, chemical laboratories, containing desks with modern improvements, etc., go to make a fully equipped building for its purposes.

HILLSDALE COLLEGE, HILLSDALE, MICHIGAN.

Sketch prepared, December, 1889, by Prof. S. W. NORTON, Acting Alumni Professor Rhetoric, Belles-lettres and German, in Hillsdale College.

Hillsdale, the site of Hillsdale College, is a city of 4,000 inhabitants, in southern Michigan, 80 miles southwest of Detroit and 180 east of Chicago. It is situated on the main line of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, and is the headquarters for the Ypsilanti, Lansing, and Fort Wayne and Jackson divisions of the same road. The college buildings are located on College Hill, and command a view of the city and surrounding country.'

The college had its beginnings in the Michigan Free Baptist yearly meeting, held at Franklin, Lenawee County, in June, 1844, and has since been under the auspices of that denomination. The history of its establishment and growth will indicate its educational influence within the denomination, and a review of its courses of study as they have been developed, together with the attitude which the college itself and its alumni have assumed in the world of letters, will show its influence in wider educational circles.

The Free Baptist denomination was founded by Benjamin Randall, who organized the first church therein on the 30th day of June, 1780, at New Durham, N. H. Freedom of the will, immersion as the only form of baptism, and open communion were the essential parts of its creed. Its ministry were composed of earnest, zealous, self-sacrificing, but uneducated men. Indeed, a strong prejudice against an educated ministry seemed to exist throughout the denomination. Owing to this reason no institution of learning was established during those days. However, on the 15th day of January, 1840, about 60 years after the founding of the denomination, an educational society was organized at Acton, Me., "to provide means for the intellectual and moral improve. ment of young ministers." The first Free Baptist church in the Terri. tory of Michigan was organized near Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County, March 14, 1831. During the years immediately succeding other churches were organized, notably in Oakland, Jackson, and Calhoun Counties.

The writer of this sketch is especially indebted to a paper written by Hon. J. C. Patterson, of Marshall, and read by him before the Pioneer Society of the State.

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