The year 1867 marks an advance step in the institution's financial history. By the act of March 8 of that year it was asserted, "Whereas the endowment fund of the university is no longer sufficient to meet the growing wants of education and make said university efficient and useful, therefore" there was appropriated $8,000 annually out of the State treasury. This sum was soon found insufficient, and it was necessary to appropriate $8,000 more to meet the debt incurred by the trustees in keeping the several departments in operation. The legislature by act of February 19, 1873, after declaring that "the income of the endowment fund of the State University, together with the amount appropriated by the act of 1867, has become wholly inadequate to meet the growing wants of public education, and is not sufficient to provide for the education of all who are seeking instruction within her walls, and to accomplish her true mission as the head of our present great system of common schools, where education shall be free to all," enacted that an annual appropriation of $15,000 be made to the university, to be paid from September 30, 1872. The stated annual appropriation has since been increased to $23,000.

PERMANENT ENDOWMENT.

The most notable advance in the legal history of the university, and the one which will do more than any other to accomplish the fulfillment of the ideas of the founders of the institution, is found in the "Act to provide a fund for the permanent endowment of Indiana University," approved March 8, 1883. By this act, the passage of which was secured largely by the efforts of the alumni, it was provided that "there shall be assessed and collected, as State revenues are assessed and collected, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three, and in each of the suc ceeding twelve years, the sum of one-half of one cent on each one hundred dollars of taxable property in this State, which money, when collected and paid into the State treasury in each of the years named in this act, shall be placed to the credit of a fund to be known as the Permanent Endowment Fund of the Indiana University." It is estimated that this fund will in the twelve years amount to more than $700,000, which, with the present endowment from sales of land and other sources, will give a permanent fund for the university of nearly a million. The annual appropriation to the current expenses of the university from the treasury of the State is now $23,000, and by special act of appropriation in March, 1885, $43,000 were given, with which to improve the grounds and buildings of the university, to replace the library and museum, and to supply the chemical, philosophical, and natural science departments with apparatus and appliances. The law declared this necessary by reason of the "total destruction of one of the buildings with its contents in July, 1883, to replace which the county of Mouroe had with great liberality contributed the sum of $50,000, with which sum the board of trustees had purchased a new site for the college campus, and erected two new buildings thereon for the use of the university."

In 1854, and again in 1883, the university suffered disaster by fire. In the first fire it lost a valuable and only building and all of its library; in the second there were destroyed a new college building, all of the university library, the physical and chemical apparatus, and a valuable museum containing the "Owen Cabinet." This cabinet was the largest geological collection in the West. From these disasters the university, on account of liberal public provisions, has more than recovered. Though some of its losses can not be replaced, it has a far better practical equipment to-day than it has ever had before in its history.

It will be seen that during the first generation of its history the Indiana University endured a continuous struggle. It had to contend against the reluctance of the State to give to it a vigorous and liberal financial support; its lands were unfortunately, or unwisely, managed, and by their too early sale it never realized from its land endowment an income of more than $8,000; it was troubled by uncertainty and confusion and subsequent litigation concerning this endowment; it was hampered (in the early history of the State) by the antagonisms of religious sects, whose adverse influence was seen sometimes in the management of the institution, but more often in unkind and uncalled-for opposition to its management and interests; it suffered two disasters by fire; it had to resist an unreasonable, but common, feeling of suspicion, among many of the masses, toward higher education by the State;-all these causes, with some minor ones, have operated to make the growth of the university slow and difficult.

Yet under its first president, during its first quarter of a century, it continued to do respectable and thorough college work. Under the advancing and more liberal policy of the last twenty years on the part of the State toward her institutions of higher learning, the institution, from being only a training school in the classics and mathematics, is rapidly pushing into the work of the university proper, and offers growing opportunities for advanced and original investigation.

To advance in the direction of the university idea has been the policy and purpose of the present administration. Larger freedom of study, under qualified teachers, with a university environment, suggests the controlling idea on which the university is moving. After the resignation of Dr. Moss in November, 1884, David Starr Jordan was promoted from the professorship of zoölogy to the presidency of the university. The present advance in the evolution of the university has been under his direction. Dr. Jordan was graduated from Cornell University in 1872. He was a teacher in the Indianapolis High School in 1874-75. He was professor of natural science in Lombard University, Illinois, in 1872-73; in Butler University, Indiana, from 1875 to 1879. In the latter year he was called to the chair of zoölogy in Indiana University, since which time he has been in the service of this institution. President Jordan's special work has been in the field of natural science. He is best known to the scientific world by his papers on fishes, which

comprise over 250 titles, and 15,000 printed pages, mainly in Government reports and proceedings of scientific societies. With the assistance of Prof. C. H. Gilbert, who now holds the chair of zoölogy, he has described within the last thirteen years, over 250 species of fishes new to science, most of which work has been done in connection with the Smithsonian Institution and the United States Fish Commission. He has been a frequent contributor to scientific journals, and is the author of "Science Sketches," and "A Manual of the Vertebrates of the Eastern United States." His labor and ability have contributed much to the growth of the university.

"The highest function of the real university," says President Jordan, "is that of instruction by investigation. The essential quality of the university is the presence in its faculty of men qualified to do university work. It matters not how many or how few the subjects taught, or what may be the material equipment of the teacher, the school in which study and investigation go hand in hand is in its degree a university. Men of common-place, or second-hand, scholarship are of necessity men of low ideals, however carefully that fact may be disguised, and such men can have no part in university development."

PLAN OF INSTRUCTION AND COURSES OF STUDY.

There are now organized and equipped fifteen departments, each offering a three or four years' course to be pursued as a specialty, each of the fifteen courses leading to the degree of A. B. The courses offered are: 1. The Course in Greek.

2. The Course in Latin.

3. The Course in Romance Languages.

4. The Course in Germanic Languages.

5. The Course in English.

6. The Course in History.

7. The Course in Social Science.

8. The Course in Philosophy.

9. The Course in Pedagogics. 10. The Course in Mathematics. 11. The Course in Physics. 12. The Course in Chemistry. 13. The Course in Geology. 14. The Course in Zoölogy. 15. The Course in Botany.

These courses are the same in extent and value. Each requires the same preparation for admission, and each requires four years for completion, and that the student shall follow some special line for three or four years. It is intended that every graduate of the university shall have a thorough drill in some department, while breadth of culture is encouraged by means of certain general studies required of all students, and by a wide range of elective studies during the Junior and Senior years.