now consists of nearly 900 volumes, of which, says Mr. Edwards in his Memoirs of Libraries, "nearly 200 are State papers of the highest value. They include a vast series relating to the diplomatic intercourse between England and almost every State of Europe, extending from the reign of Edward III. to that of James I. A large proportion of these documents consist of the original letters of sovereigns and of statesmen. Even those papers which are not original have a high degree of authority as coeval transcripts." The Cottonian Library was transferred to the British Museum (q.v.) in 1757. In addition to the MSS., the collection includes many valuable coins and antiquities. Among Cotton's works may be mentioned, in addition to those referred to above: Povver of the Peeres and Comons of Parliament in point of Judicature (1640); Cottoni Postuma-Choice Pieces of that Renowned Antiquary (1672); Divers Short Pieces Exposed to Publick Light by J. Howell (1679); "Speech before the Privy Council touching the Alteration of Coyn," in Shaw, Select Tracts and Documents (1896). Consult, also: Calendars of State Papers (London, 1591-1631); Parliamentary Journals (London); Planta, Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Cottonian Library (London, 1802); Smith, Catalogue (Oxford, 1696), containing a memoir; Kippis, "Robert Bruce Cotton," in Biog. Brit. (London, 1797); D'Ewes, Autobiography (2 vols., London, 1845); Nichols, Progresses of James I. (4 vols., London, 1828); id., Leicestershire (London, 1795-1811); Gardiner, History of England (London, 1883-84).

COTTON-BIRD. A small South African titmouse (Egithalus Capensis), called kapok vogel (i.e. 'cotton-bird') by the Cape Colony Dutch on account of its wonderful nest, made of cottony materials, which closely resembles the nest of its congener, the penduline titmouse of Europe, illustrated on the Plate of PENSILE NESTS OF BIRDS. (See NIDIFICATION; TITMOUSE.) This nest, first figured by Le Vaillant (Oiseaux d'Afrique, Paris, 1806), whose picture has been widely copied, is usually wrongly assigned to an entirely different bird. COTTON FAMINE. The name given to an industrial crisis in the manufacturing towns of northern England, occasioned by the almost complete disappearance of cotton imports from the United States during the last three years of the Civil War. As a result of the blockade of the Southern ports by the Federal Government, the importation of cotton from the United States into Great Britain sank

from more than 1.000.000.000 pounds in 1860 to 816,000,000 pounds in 1861, 13,000,000 pounds in 1862, and 6,000,000 pounds in 1863; and as the imports from the United States constituted more than three-fourths of the total supply, the blow to the cotton industry in Lancashire was a stunning one. The suffering fell most heavily on the mill operatives, who, as a body, were brought to the verge of starvation by the partial or complete suspension of production. In November, 1862, it was estimated that more than 350,000 persons in Lancashire were subsisting on parochial relief or private charity. It is a notable fact that, in spite of their great privations, the factory population of Lancashire was in thorough sympathy with the Northern cause, which they regarded as a crusade against slavery. Consult Arnold, History of the Cotton Famine (London, 1865).

COTTON-GIN. A machine for separating the cotton fibre from the seed, invented by Eli Whitney of Massachusetts and patented March 14, 1794. Previously the work had been done by hand, a slow and tedious process, four pounds per day being the average of one man. See COTTON.

COTTON-GRASS (from its cottony spike), Eriophorum. A genus of plants of the natural order Cyperaceae, having the fruit accompanied with long, silky hairs which spring from the base of the ovary. The species are not very numerous; they are natives chiefly of the colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Several are found in America, and their white, cottony fruit-bearing spikes are well known in our swamps and bogs. The cottony substance is used for stuffing pillows, etc., and it is claimed that cloth may be made from it. The fibre lacks the twist of the cotton fibre and cannot be spun as readily. The stems of a Himalayan species, Eriophorum cannabinum, called bhabhur, yield a very strong fibre, and are much employed for making cordage, being simply twisted into cables, of which rope bridges are usually made; but they are not durable, and require much repairing every year. Cotton-grass is said to be valuable for sheep-pasture.

COTTON-INSECTS. One of the most impor tant insects injurious to the American cottonculture is the cotton-worm, the larva of a noctuid moth (Aletia xylina), which sometimes de

foliates whole districts. It is believed to be

South American, and first became strikingly

harmful in the Southern States in 1804. It is now known all over the Union, but its Northern food-plant is unknown. A Government commission reported in 1879 that the average loss to the cotton-growing States due to its ravages was then from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000 annually. The moth is 11⁄2 inches in spread of wings, the fore wings and body reddish brown, with delicate zigzag markings, and the hinder wings pale graybrown. It flies at night, and deposits eggs singly or sparsely on the under side of the leaves of the cotton-plant, where they hatch in midsummer in about 50 to 60 hours. The caterpillars

begin at once to devour the leaves, and so many are they, sometimes, that whole fields have been defoliated in three days, when the caterpillars swarm elsewhere in search of more food. In midsummer the caterpillars remain about thirteen days, then fold a leaf about themselves and spin

a

cocoon in which they pupate. In two to four days after issuing from the chrysalis the female moth begins to lay-her average product being 400 eggs in the season. The natural food is the juice exuding from the glands on the leaf's midrib and at the base of blooms and bolls; but it will feed on any kind of fruit as it ripens. Until the worms are numerous enough to riddle the leaves badly, the moths continue to lay near their birthplace; then they migrate to considerable distances-seldom, however, until after the third generation of worms, say July 1, in southern Texas. Migrations are most common in the fall months, the moths flying at night and on cloudy days. In the Southern States only the moths hibernate (the worms never, nor anywhere), hibernation being more frequent in the Southwestern than in the Atlantic States. The moths hibernate under bark, in logs and timbers, etc., and mild winters are more severe on them than cold ones, which keep them torpid.

The caterpillars visit earliest low alluvial lands where the plants are luxurious and thrifty. Moisture is favorable to their development, hot, dry weather unfavorable. The damages to the crop may reach 25 per cent. in the southern districts; but in the northern the worms may do more good than harm, by removing superabundant leaves, thus facilitating the ripening of the bolls.

For further and extensive information, and preventive measures, consult: Comstock, "Report on Cotton Insects," in U. S. Dept. of Agriculture (Washington, 1879), illustrated; Riley, U. S. Entomological Commission, 4th Report (Washington, 1885); Bulletin No. 18, New Series (Washington, 1898).

The bud-worm is scarcely second in its evil effects. (See BOLL-WORM.) It is hatched from eggs deposited singly on all parts of the plant, taking only three to five days to hatch in summer. The worm is much like the cottoncaterpillar, but larger. Its principal food is the flowers and bolls. The chrysalis is found a few inches underground. The chrysalis state lasts seven to ten days in midsummer, double that in cooler weather. The moth is in appearance and habits much like the Aletia, but seldom appears before July or August. Hibernation is in the chrysalis state only, and underground. Breeding continues until cold weather; but the first three generations of each year generally feed in the cornfields, the first lot seen on cotton being the fourth brood.

Other injurious moths infesting cotton and eating the foliage include the yellow bear (Spilosoma Virginico), the io (Saturnia Io), the basket-worm or bag-worm (q.v.), and several others. Cotton-culture in Egypt is afflicted by two very similar insects, viz., Prodenia littoralis and Earias insulana.

The cotton-stainer, or redbug (Dysdercus suturellus), is a small suctorial bug, "which drains the

or reddish, and very much depreciates its value in the market, the stains being indelible." It is also troublesome to orange-growers in cottongrowing districts. See Insect Life, vol. i. (Washington, 1888), illustrated. Several plantbugs, such as the capsid (Psallus delicatus), known in Texas as the cotton-flea, and certain small beetles, are also injurious to cotton. For a description of the weevil, see WEEVIL.

The natural enemies of the cotton-worm and of the boll-worm are domestic fowls, birds, spiders, beetles, wasps, ants, parasites, etc. As preventive measures, the free use of poisons is good for both, and fall plowing, which upturns the chrysalids of the boll-worm, exposes these to the attacks of fowls and the fatal influences of cold.

COTTON-MOUSE. A field-mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus), dark brown, with grayish feet, prevalent in the southern United States, and injurious to cotton-plants. Its habits are similar to those of the common white-footed mouse of the North. See MOUSE.

COTTONMOUTH (so named from the white, cotton-like streak about its mouth). Properly, the moccasin-snake (q.v.), but also a name in the southern United States of the copperhead.

COTTONSEED AND ITS PRODUCTS. Cottonseed-Oil.-Cotton, which is described in the article bearing that title, when it is picked consists of the seeds, and the lint or fibre adhering to and covering the seeds. The seeds constitute rather more than two-thirds of this product, so that a crop of 9,000.000 bales of cotton would yield about 4,500,000 tons of cotton-seed. It constitutes a very valuable part of the product, and is used for manufacturing cottonseed-oil, for feeding animals, and for fertilizer. The cottonseed, after the removal of the fibre, yields, upon pressure, a large amount of yellow oil, with a bland, nut-like taste. Even

before the invention of the cotton-gin in 1794, the utilization of cottonseed was attempted, and in 1770 samples of the oil were exhibited by the Moravians in Bethlehem, Pa. Previous to that time the seed had been allowed to rot on the ground by many of the planters, while others more intelligent had utilized it as food for cattle, sheep, and horses. Others dug furrow-trenches, and buried it in the rows on which the next crop of cotton would be planted. Some fed it raw to their stock, while others boiled it to make it possibly more palatable. In 1820 a patent was granted for a process for extracting the oil, but the construction of the mills was so slow that at the end of fifty years only twenty-six cottonseed-mills had been erected. In 1861 Mr. Edward Atkinson stated that if the cotton-plant produced no cotton it would still be well worth cultivating on account of the valuable products that can be extracted from the seed. This was fully realized toward the close of the nineteenth century, and the value of the cottonseed began to be more generally appreciated. Though much of it is still retained on the plantations as a fertilizing material, the amount manufactured in the United States was, in 1898, 5,594,602 tons, in 1899 4,450,000 tons, and in 1900 4,472,103 tons. The annual product is valued at $33,000,000.

In addition to the oil extracted from the cottonseed, it yields the following by-products: Linters, or short bits of lint that adhere to the seed in the ordinary process of ginning, and are stripped by a specially constructed gin. These short fibres are used for the manufacture of bat ting and wadding. Hulls, the outer casings of the seed, used extensively for cattle-food, whose properties are discussed below. Cottonseed-meal, the residue left after the oil is expressed from the meats. This is also used as a cattle-food and as a fertilizer. Sludge, which settles at the bottom of the oil-tanks, and is used in the making of

soap, stearin, etc.

The process of manufacture is briefly as follows: The seed is shoveled from the cars into conveyors, which are spiral screens revolving in troughs with perforated bottoms through which any loose soil, sand, and stones are shaken. This process of cleaning is continued in a separator, where by means of different sized screens all dirt and impurities are removed. A strong magnet is

also used to draw out bits of nails and other iron. The seed being sifted and cleansed, it is now passed through the linter, a specially constructed gin for removing these short fibres. The lint is ginned twice, the second process removing the shorter fibres, so that two brands or qualities are thus obtained. The next process is to crack the hulls in a machine between revolving blades and

oil: It may be expressed directly from the cold meats, this process making a high-grade oil; or the meats may first be heated in cookers. These cookers are steam-heated metal pans, covered with non-heat-conducting material and holding 700 pounds. The seeds are cooked from one-quarter to three-quarters of an hour, according to their condition as determined by the judgment of the operator, too little or too much cooking giving a smaller yield of oil. The cooked meats are dropped into a camel's-hair sheet, spread out on a steel plate. Wrapped in this sheet the meats are subjected to pressure, which is gradually increased till it reaches 3500 pounds per square inch. Under this pressure, a dark, murky oil flows out in streams and is received in reservoirs beneath the presses, whence it is pumped into settling-tanks. The cakes are now taken from their wrappings of camel's-hair, cooled, and dried. They are then cracked and ground into meal, which is shipped directly in sacks or pressed again into cakes. After the crude oil has settled it is drawn off and refined by treating it to a 10 or 15 per cent. solution of caustic soda and then allowed again to settle. As it settles the mucilaginous, albuminous, coloring matters and other impurities sink to the bottom, leaving a clear yellow oil, which may be still further filtered and purified if desired. The white oil of commerce is produced by shaking up the oil with a 2 or 3 per cent. mixture of fullers' earth and then allowing it to settle.

The commercial cottonseed-oils are classified as crude, summer yellow, summer white, winter yellow, and winter white. The winter oils are made by cooling the summer oils to the freezingpoint, when the palmitin crystallizes and the oil terial. Cottonseed-oil consists chiefly of palmais pressed out of the remaining solidified matin and olein, the winter oils being almost entirely non-drying oils, its drying properties being inolein. It stands midway between the drying and

ferior to those of linseed oil. (See OILS.) It solidifies at from 32° to 38° F., is almost odorless, and has a slight nutty taste. Its uses are constantly increasing. It is employed extensively in cooking and is also used as an adulterant of lard, olive oil, and other staples. Large quantities are used in making oleomargarine (q.v.). It is used in pharmacy, in making soap and paint, as a lubricator and an illuminant. Consult Brooks, Cotton (New York, 1898).

Feeding and Fertilizing Value.-Brief mention has already been made of the use of cottonseed products for feeding cattle and for fertilizer. Whole cottonseed has been shown by a large number of analyses to range in composition as follows:

they escape during germination, but are usually very different in appearance from the later leaves. See SEED.

COT'YLOSAURIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. Korún, kotyle, hollow cup + caûpoç, sauros, lizard). The order which includes the most ancient reptiles, fossil in rocks of the Carboniferous Age, which, according to E. D. Cope, gave rise to the Theromorpha (q.v.), whence sprang the saurian and serpentine forms, and also to the lines leading to the fish-reptiles (Ichthyopterygia) and the turtles (Chelonia). The cotylosaurians are thus characterized by Cope: "Quadrate bone united with adjacent elements by suture; temporal regions with roof of a few symmetrical segments. No distinct post-orbital bars; vertebræ amphicœlous; ilium narrow, vertical; feet ambulatory."-Report United States National Museum, 1898 (Washington, 1900).

CO'TYS, or COTYTTO (Lat., from Gk. Kórve, Kotys, Korvrró, Kotyttö). A Thracian goddess, whose festival, the Cotyttia, was held at night and was notorious for its debaucheries. Her worship was adopted by some of the Greek States.

COUCAL, kōoʻkål (probably an African word, although according to Cuvier it was coined in 1796 by Le Vaillant in his Oiseaux d'Afrique, from Fr. couc-ou, cuckoo + al-ouette, sparrow). A kind of cuckoo, many species of which are widely distributed throughout Africa and southeastern Asia to Australia, constituting the subfamily Centropodinæ, especially characterized by having the hind toe terminated by a straight, spine-like claw, whence they have been called 'lark-heeled.' They are large, ground-keeping birds, generally red and black, more or less glossed, and sometimes banded with brown, and are known generally as 'ground-cuckoos.' A species of the Philippines has a rounded crest and black, horny appendages to the feathers of the head and throat. Some other Asiatic species mimic pheasants in appearance and gait and are called 'pheasant-cuckoos.' The best-known one is the very common Indian 'crow-pheasant' (Centropus Sinensis), is nearly two feet long, black, with the mantle and wings chestnut, and utters a curious howling cry, followed by a series of rattling exclamations. All these birds make their own nests, sometimes elaborate roofed structures in thorny bushes, and lay white eggs incrusted like those of an ani. They are closely allied to the American road-runner. See CUCKOO.

COUCH, DARIUS NASH (1822-97). An American soldier. He was born at South East, N. Y., graduated at West Point in 1846, served in the Mexican War (1846-47), and was brevetted first lieutenant in 1847 for gallant and meritorious conduct' at Buena Vista. In 1849-50 he served against the Seminoles, and in 1853 made an important exploring expedition into northern Mexico.

He

In 1855 he resigned from the army to be come a merchant in New York, but in June, 1861, reëntered the service as a colonel of volunteers, and in August became brigadier-general. served in 1861-62 with the Army of the Potomac, rendering valuable services at Fair Oaks, Williamsburg, and Malvern Hill: was promoted to be major-general in July, 1862; commanded the Second Army Corps at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville; was in command of the Department

of Susquehanna in 1863 and 1864; and was at the head of a division at the battle of Nashville. He resigned in 1865, and in the same year was an unsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for the Governorship of Massachusetts. He was subsequently Collector of the Port of Boston in 1866-67, was quartermaster-general of Connecticut in 1877-78, and was adjutant-general of that State in 1883-84.

COUCHANT, kou'chant (Fr., pres. part. of coucher, to lie down). In heraldry, a beast lying down, with his head up, is couchant. If the head is down, he is dormant. See HERALDRY.

COUCH-GRASS (corrupted from quitchgrass, quick-grass; so called from its rapid growth), Agropyron repens. Also called wheatgrass, dog-grass, quickens, and squich or quitch. A grass chiefly known as a troublesome weed. It is common in most parts of Europe and North America. See AGROPYRON.

COUCY, kōo'se', THE CHÂTELAIN DE. A French troubadour, whose name was Raoul or Renaud. He became Châtelain of Coucy in 1186, took part in the Third Crusade (1189-91), and was killed by the Saracens about 1203. His work consists of about sixteen songs, in the troubadour style, but with more sincerity and origi nality than the usual chansons courtoises of the time. They were published by Rath as Die Lieder des Castellan von Coucy (Heidelberg, 1883). The legend connected with his name is one of great age, and is found in the literature of many countries, though it is most likely of Breton origin. About the end of the thirteenth century there appeared a story or roman in verse by a certain Jakemon Sakesep, of whom nothing is known, and whose name is taken from an acrostic given in his work, Roman d'aventure. He tells of the loves of the Châtelain de Coucy and the Dame de Fayel. Falling ill on his way from the Holy Land, the Châtelain ordered that after his death his heart be taken to his lady. But the husband of the lady intercepted the messenger, took the sacred souvenir, and forced his wife to eat it. Thereupon the Dame for horror starved herself to death. The story was published with a modern version by Crapelet (Paris, 1829).

COUCY-LE-CHÂTEAU, kōo'sê'le-shå'to'. A small village and cantonal seat (population, in 1901. 683) in the Department of Aisne, France, 10 miles north of Soissons. It is celebrated for the remains of its mediæval castle, standing on an acclivity, accessible on one side alone, and one of the most formidable fortresses of its period. The castle covers an area of 10,000 square yards, and is surrounded by lofty walls and a moat. Four towers flank the donjon, which is 210 feet high, 100 feet in diameter, and has walls 34 feet thick. It is public property and is classed among the historical monuments of France. Built by Enguerrand III., who died in 1242, it was purchased in 1396 by Louis of Orléans, and in 1498 became Crown property. It was dismantled by Mazarin's order in 1652.

COUDER, koo'dar', LOUIS CHARLES AUGUSTE (1789-1873). A French painter, born in London. He studied in Paris under David and Regnault and exhibited regularly at the Salon from 1817 until his death. Although he painted both religious and historical subjects, he is better known by his large historical compositions at