CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

cated; 140,000 acres were sold for $2,320,000, other sales were made later at increasing prices, and the university has up to 1905 realized a net profit of some $5,765,000. Besides its income from these sources Cornell has received large private gifts. Henry W. Sage gave altogether $1,175,000; Andrew D. White, $200,000; O. H. Payne, $970,000 for the New York branch of the Medical College; W. H. Sage, $270,000; Hiram Sibley, $155,000; D. B. Fayerweather, $340,000; J. D. Rockefeller, $250,000; Dean Sa, $235,000; John McGraw, $140,000; and H. W. Sibley, $160,000.

Out of the 2704 students enrolled in the first five years, 2347 entered on the minimum entrance requirements. In 1872 the university became coeducational, and in 1877, in spite of the constant decrease in attendence, the entrance requirements were somewhat raised. In 1882 the faculty, including instructors and assistants, numbered but 49. The additions made to the library were few. During this anxious period in the history of the university, the members of the faculty, ill paid and over-worked, loyally stood by it, and pursued their work notwithstanding all difficulties. New courses were offered in the departments of civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, agriculture, the sciences, humanities, and military science. After 1882 the university developed and expanded in accordance with the original idea of the founder. The law school and the Andrew D. White School of History and Political Science were organized in 1887. The Sage School of Philosophy, which has become known for its work in mental and moral philosophy and in experimental psychology, was organized in 1890. President Schurman appealed to the State in 1892 for further aid, on the ground that Cornell, although not a State institution in the strict sense of the term, was educating 512 students free of tuition, and that the State was especially interested in education, agriculture, and allied subjects, for which, like the Western States, it should supply the necessary funds. The Legislature generously responded to his appeal by establishing at Cornell University the State Veterinary College in 1894, the State College of Forestry, the first institution of its kind in the United States, in 1898, and the State College of Agriculture in 1904, for the maintenance of which large legislative appropriations are annually made. The situation of Cornell University in a small town prevented it from adding a medical school to its departments, although a medical preparatory course has existed since its inception. In 1898 this problem was solved by establishing a medical college in the city of New York, with a branch at Ithaca, where the first two years of the course may be taken. In the same year the entrance requirements, which had been much raised since 1892, were put on a footing equivalent to those of the leading universities in the United States.

Cornell University comprises the following departments and colleges (the attendance given is in all cases that of 1904-5): (1) The Graduate Department, having charge of all students pursuing graduate work at the university under the several faculties. This department offers courses leading to the degrees of A.M., Ph.D., etc. It numbers 189 students. Twenty-four

fellowships, ranging from $500 to $600 a year, and 17 scholarships, of the annual value of $300 a year, are available for students. (2) The College of Arts and Sciences offers elective courses leading, whether sciences, letters, or the classics are mainly chosen, to the degree of A.B. The attendance is 684. (3) The College of Law offers courses leading to the LL.B. degree, and numbers 228 students. (4) The Medical College, partially conducted at New York City, confers the degree of M.D., and numbers 406 students. (5) The College of Agriculture offers courses leading to the B.S.A. degree, and numbers 189 students. Connected with this college is an agricultural experiment station, established by the Federal Government in 1887. (6) The New York State Veterinary College confers the degree of D.V.M. Its attendance is 110. (7) The College of Architecture confers the degree of B.Arch., and has an attendance of 68. (8) The College of Civil Engineering confers the degree of C.E., and numbers 385 students. (9) Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanic Arts, consisting of the departments of mechanical, electrical, experimental engineering, the department of mechanic arts, etc., confers the degree of M.E. Its total registration is 1060.

Undergraduates are required, except for special reasons, to take a course of military drill, extending over one year, under the supervision of a United States Army officer.

The government of the university is vested in a board of thirty-nine trustees, the university faculty, composed of the professors and assistant professors, having charge of educational matters concerning the university as a whole, and the faculties of the several schools and colleges, who have charge of their respective divisions.

The number of regular students is 3318, of whom 348 are women. To these must be added an enrollment of 619 in the summer session and 199 in the winter school in agriculture. The staff of instruction numbers 473. The principal buildings of Cornell University include the $300,000 library, the gift of Henry W. Sage; Sage College, a dormitory for women; Boardman Hall, Stimson Hall, Sibley College, Franklin Hall, Lincoln Hall, Rockefeller Hall, Morrill Hall, McGraw Hall, White Hall, and the several buildings of the veterinary and agricultural colleges. The campus, situated on a hill looking down upon Cayuga Lake and surrounded by gorges, falls, and cascades, is considered one of the most beautiful in the world. Barnes Hall and Sage Chapel represent the religious life of the university. The libraries, including the famous Andrew D. White collection on the Protestant Reformation and the French Revolution and the Fiske Dante, Petrarch, and Icelandic collections contain 311,897 volumes, besides 48,000 pamphlets. The income of the university is about $1,000,000 a year. The presidents since its inception have been: Andrew D. White, LL.D. (186585); Charles Kendall Adams, LL.D. (1885-92); Jacob Gould Schurman, LL.D. (1892—).

CORNER. A commercial term of United States origin, denoting the operation, or more properly the resultant effect, of acquiring contracts for the delivery of so much of a commodity or of the stock or certificates of indebtedness of a corporation, as to raise abnormally the values thereof to the advantage of the buyers. A corner is "effective" when those who have contracted to

sell and deliver the stock or commodity are forced, for lack of other supply, to buy it, or the certificates or warehouse receipts representing it, from the buying or cornering pool, at the pool's prices. Conversely a corner is 'smashed' when the buyers, finding their means inadequate to their operations, are forced to throw their holdings on the open market, or when those who have contracted to deliver the stock or commodity are able to obtain it independently of the pool. For the latter reason, because the total supply is not strictly determinable nor all obtainable, attempted corners in wheat and other actual commodities are seldom successful. On the other hand, corners in stocks and certificates having definite total issues may be carried just to the point where they bankrupt the seller; that is to a point where, if the prices are put any higher, the sellers repudiate their contracts and the corner is 'smashed' for lack of a market. The possibility of any considerable corner arises from buying and selling on margin. In this usual and speculative form of stock-dealing the broker or commission house lends the buyer or seller the money needed for the deal, demanding, however, for his own protection, a deposit of five, ten, or twenty per cent. of the face value of the contracts made. The dealer is thus enabled to buy or sell stock to a value of from five to twenty times the amount of his actual capital, and a combina

tion of large dealers can without difficulty buy or sell the whole stock issue of the largest trusts or railroads. If, now, such a combination

sells, that is, agrees to deliver, practically the entire issue of a road, they may find when they attempt to buy the stock to fill their contracts that it is already held by the very persons to whom they contracted to sell it. That is, a rival combination has been secretly working against them, and the sellers of the stock are forced to buy the stock at exorbitant prices and then sell it back to those for whom they bought it. This is the process technically known as 'squeezing the shorts.' Until recent years nearly all corners of importance were manipulated for speculative reasons; for the immediate gain of the operators, that is, and without any investment purpose. Of such a nature was the famous gold corner, organized in New York by Jay Gould and his associates. This corner, culminating on "Black Friday, September 24, 1869, was 'smashed' by the release of Government gold by the Secretary of the Treasurythus rendering the 'shorts' or sellers of gold independent of the cornering syndicate who held the gold which the 'shorts' had agreed to sell. Latterly, however, many corners or quasicorners have resulted incidentally, and often to the regret of all concerned, from the effort of rival combinations to buy the control of some large trust or railroad for permanent investment and administrative purposes. Of this kind was the corner in the Northern Pacific Railroad in May, 1901, when the price of the stock rose abruptly to 1000 bid. For an account of the gold corner of 1869, consult: Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs (New York, 1902). For an interesting account of the actual manipulation of a corner, consult Frederic, The Market Place (London, 1899). See MARGIN DEALS; SHORTS; SPECULATION; TRUSTS.

CORNET (OF., Fr. cornet, from ML. cornetum, corneta, bugle, dim. of cornu, horn). A stop or series of pipes in an organ, intended to imitate the tone of an obsolete wind instrument which has been superseded by the oboe. The CORNET-A-PISTON (Fr., cornet with pistons), a modern brass or silver wind instrument of the trumpet kind, has two or three valves, and in brass bands takes the soprano and contralto parts. It was first introduced in France as an orchestral instrument. The cornet-à-piston produces very penetrating tones, though less powerful than those of the trumpet. The rapidity of execution in runs, trills, staccatos, etc., which can be attained on this instrument, combined with the pealing quality of its tones, have made it the favorite solo instrument in open-air bandconcerts; but this very resonance will most likely keep it out of the symphonic orchestra.

CORNET (Fr. cornette, standard, so called as having two points or horns, dim. of corne, subaltern commissioned rank in the British cavfrom Lat. cornu, horn). Formerly a junior or alry, so called because the cornet carried the flag (cornet). Its equivalent rank in the infantry was the ensign (q.v.).

CORNETO, kôr-nā'tô, or CORNETO TARQUINIA (from It. corno, horn). A town of central Italy, about 12 miles north of Civitavecchia, occupying a commanding eminence on the left bank of the

Marta, and 2 or 3 miles from the Mediterranean,

over which it has an extensive view. Corneto arose near the ruins of the Etruscan city of Tarquinii, and was built in part from its remains. It was erected into a city by Pope Eugenius IV. in 1432; but the picturesque old battlemented walls and towers which surround it are said to belong to an earlier period. During the faction wars of the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, this city maintained a firm allegiance to the popes. Population (commune), in 1901, 7219. The scanty remains of Tarquinii lie about a mile and a half from Corneto. This city was regarded as one of the most ancient and important of the Etruscan cities, and took part in the wars with Rome in the fourth century B.C.; but later, with the rest of Etruria, came under the Roman dominion. It seems to have been destroyed by the Saracens. The Necropolis of Tarquinii, which is far the most important relic of the ancient city, is on the same hill as the modern city, and extends into the neighboring plain. It is of great extent, and has been said to cover 16 square miles. Many tombs have been opened, but most of them had been plundered in early times. The most important tombs are those decorated with paintings on the walls, among which are noteworthy the Grotta delle Iscrizioni (probably one of the earliest), Grotta del Barone, Grotta Querciola, Grotta del Convito Funebre, Grotta del Tifone, and Grotta dell' Orco. Consult: Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1878), and Dasti, Notizie di Tarquinia Corneto (Rome, 1878).

CORN-FLAG. See IRIS.

CORNFLOWER, or BLUEBOTTLE (Centaurea cyanus). A plant of the natural order Compositæ, indigenous to Europe, where it is a common weed in grain-fields, and whence it has spread to other countries. Its long, slender, branched stems, which reach a height of from one to two and one-half feet, bear

terminal flower-heads about one and one-half inches in diameter during summer and autumn. These flower-heads have a wreath-like appearance, due to the neutral ray florets, and from early times have been favorites for making garlands. Being hardy and of easiest culture, the cornflower has become one of the most popular annuals in American flower-gardens, and has developed many varieties, which range through various shades from deepest blue to white. In the United States it has at least fifteen names, the commonest of which is perhaps bachelor'sbutton, a name also applied to two other plants Ranunculus acris and Gomphrena globosa.

CORNHILL.

An important London street, ramed from a corn market formerly held there. The Tun, a prison, and the Standard, a waterconduit, stood upon it in medieval times.

CORNIANI, kôr'nê-ä'nê, GIAMBATTISTA, Conte di (1742-1813). An Italian literary historian, born at Orzi-Nuovi (Brescia). In his youth he studied law and wrote for the theatre; but afterwards he became connected with the College of Brescia and published some works on agriculture. In 1797 he was made one of the Tribunal of Cassation for the Cisalpine Republic. The work for which Corniani is best known is a literary history of Italy, I secoli della letteratura italiana (1804-13; new edition by Predari, 1854-56).

CORNICE (OF., It. cornice, ML. cornix, border, from Gk. кopwviç, korōnis, garland, from kopávós, korōnos, curved; connected with Lat. corona, crown, Ir. cor, circle). In architecture, either the crowning member of a wall or a projection from it, such as a coping, or the crown of a minor division, as a colonnade. It has been used in nearly every style. The usual Egyptian cornice consists of a fillet and cavetto molding, as the upper member of a simple entablature crowning all the main walls. Ancient Oriental architecture did not develop any style of cornice. It was reserved for Greek architecture to establish a type of cornice as the upper member of the entablature of the different orders,

immediately above the frieze, as is more fully explained under ENTABLATURE (q.v.). The slanting cornice of a gable is called raking cornice, to distinguish it from the horizontal cornice. The Doric cornice is crowned by a strong ly projecting corona, the upper part of which is the cymatium or cyma; the lower part is usually the tenia. The corona rests on a thin bed-mold of one or two simple moldings. Along its horizontal edges are placed antefixes (q.v.). The under surface, or soffit, of the cornice is decorated with mutules (q.v.). In the more decorative Ionic cornice there is no very projecting broad, flat tenia, but a group of richer moldings gradually projecting. The corona is very high, the ogee cyma being richly decorated between two fillets, and connected with the tenia by a smaller regular cyma; the lower part of the cornice consists of a flat denticulated projection immediately above the frieze. The Corinthian cornice is both richer and more varied, its principal variation being the addition, in its central section, of volute-like mutules (q.v.) and modillions (q.v.), and the adornment of the tenia with egg-and-dart and other ornamenta tion. It was not fully developed until Roman times, when it was also used in the Composite

VOL. V.-28.

CORNIFICIUS.

order, and the characteristic forms of the different Greek orders were mingled. In early Christian and mediaval architecture the variety of forms of cornice is too great to allow of classification or description. Some resemblance to the classic cornice is preserved in the rich churches of the fifth and sixth centuries in Syria, and the classic type is even more closely followed in the medieval churches of some parts of Italy, especially Rome and its neighborhood; and it was, of course, revived by the Renaissance. Mediæval cornices are often supported on foliage and lines of small, blind arches; simple in the Romanesque, freer and richer in the Gothic The medieval surface decoration was style. usually in very high relief, often in part detached from the ground. The imitation of every kind of foliage and flower, as well as the use of traditional and new geometric and schematic forms, gives great scope to this architectural member. In its simplest form it consists often of a projecting table supported on corbels, with or without arches.

The term is also used in modern terminology for the upper termination of a piece of furniture, a window or door casing, or anything that acts as a frame, of whatever material it may be. Consult the works cited under COLUMN; ENTABLATURE; which also discuss cornice.

CORNICHE, kôr'nêsh', RoUTE DE LA (Fr., cornice road). A renowned carriage road following the coast line of the Riviera between Nice and Genoa. It is noted for its striking views, particularly between Nice and Mentone, and is much traveled in preference to the railway.

CORNIDES, kôr'nê-des, DANIEL VON (173287). An Hungarian historian, born at SzentMiklós. He studied philosophy and theology at Erlangen, Germany. As the companion of Count Joseph Teleki he visited Italy, Germany, and France, and while in Germany contributed greatly to the enlargement of the Hungarian department in the University of Göttingen and other institutions. In 1784 he was appointed librarian and professor of heraldry and diplomacy at the University of Pest. His principal works include: Regum Hungariæ, qui Sæculo XI. Regnavere, Genealogia (1778); Bibliotheca Hungarica (1792); Commentatio de Religione Veterum Hungarorum (1791); Vindicia Anonymi Bela Regis Notarii (1802).

CORNIF'EROUS SERIES (from Lat. cornu, In American geology, horn ferre, to bear). the second of the four great divisions of the Devonian system. It includes the Schoharie and Corniferous stages. The rocks of the Corniferous series-mostly sandstones-are found along the Appalachians, in Ohio, and in Canada, where they inclose valuable deposits of petroleum. See

DEVONIAN SYSTEM.

CORNIFICIUS, kôr'nê-fish'i-us, QUINTUS (-c.40 B.C.). A Roman general and writer on rhetoric; a contemporary of Cicero. During the Civil War he supported the party of Cæsar, by whom he was appointed Governor of Syria and afterwards of Africa. After Cæsar's death he maintained the latter province for the Senate; but on the establishment of the Second Triumvirate was defeated and slain in battle by T. Sextius. Cornificius appears to have been almost equally distinguished for his literary abilities, which are frequently mentioned by Quintilian,