mast" (King Christian stood beside the mast). notably California, an active part was taken in Japan “Keemeè gajo" (May the Empire Last). Mexico "Mexicanos, al grito de guerra" (national air) (Mexicans, at the cry of war); by J. Nunó. Nicaragua-National air, by Blas Villatas. Persia "Salamati Shah." Music by A. Lemaire. Peru-"Somos libres, seamoslo siempre" (We are free, let us be so ever). Rumania "Traeasca Regale" (Long Live the King) (1862). Words by V. Alexandri; music by E. A. Hübsch. Russia-"Bozhe Zaria chrany" (God Protect the Czar) (1830). Words by Zhukovsky; music by A. Lyoff. Salvador "Saludemos la Patria" (Let us Hail our Country). Words by J. J. Canas; music by J. Aberle. Servia "God in His Goodness." Music by D. Jenko. Spain-"Himno de Riego." Music by Herta. Sweden-"Ur svenska hjertans" (Out of the Swedish Heart). Switzerland-"Rufst du, mein Vaterland," to music of "God Save the King." United States-"Star Spangled Banner" (q.v.) and "Hail Columbia" (q.v.). (The former is played in the United States Navy at morning colors; the latter at evening colors.) Uruguay "Himmo Nacional de la República Oriental del Uruguay" (National Hymn of the Republic of Uruguay). Music by D. I. Deballi. Venezuela-"Gloria al bravo pueblo" (1811) (Honor to a Brave Nation). Words by V. Salias; music by J. Sandaeta. Consult: Engel, An Introduction to the Study of National Music (London, 1866); Fitzgerald, Stories of Famous Songs (ib., 1898). NATIONALISM. A term applied to the plan of social reform outlined in Bellamy's Looking Backward. The scheme involved the nationalization of the processes of production and distribution. It is a form of socialism which emphasizes the social importance of economic equality. The first Nationalistic Association was organized by a company of Bellamy's readers in Boston in 1889. A statement of its views condemned the system of competition and expressed the belief that it would gradually be supplanted by a system of universal brotherhood. The movement spread rapidly and by 1891 there were in the United States 162 clubs. In some States, politics. In May, 1889, a magazine, the Nationalist, was started which existed two years. Its place was then taken by the New Nation, founded by Bellamy, which also lasted two years. The Nationalists exercised a considerable influence upon the People's Party, but ceased to play any considerable independent rôle. The movement spread to England, where "The Nationalization Society' was organized July 3, 1890. See SOCIALISM. Consult: Bellamy, Looking Backward (Boston, 1887); and id., "The Programme of the Nationalists," article in the Forum (March, 1894); Ely, Socialism and Social Reform (New York, 1894). NATIONAL MUSEUM. See UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NATIONAL NICKNAMES (ME. nekename, ekename, by faulty liaison or sandhi for an ekename, additional name, from eke + name). National nicknames are as a rule first employed by the people themselves. By the familiar JOHN BULL is meant the English nation. The name was first used in the satire of Dr. John Arbuthnot, Law is a Bottomless Pit. The sobriquet of JONATHAN or BROTHER JONATHAN has gone through three distinct phases. First, between 1776 and 1783 it was employed, as a mildly derisive term, by the Loyalists, and applied by them to the Patriots; secondly, between 1783 and 1812 it was adopted by the Americans themselves, who used it to designate a country bumpkin; and thirdly, during the war with England in 1812-15 it came into universal vogue as a national sobriquet. The accepted story, attributing the origin of the term to a remark made by Washington in allusion to Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut, originated in 1846, and has recently been shown to be without foundation. UNCLE SAM, the familiar sobriquet of the United States government or people, is commonly stated to have originated at the outbreak of the war with England in 1812, when some one, asking what the letters 'U.S.' marked on casks and barrels meant, was facetiously told that they referred to "Uncle Sam" or Samuel Wilson, an obscure citizen of Troy, N. Y., said to have been an inspector or a contractor. This story has not been found earlier than 1842, when it was given in J. Frost's Book of the Navy, p. 297. No doubt Frost copied it from some newspaper, but the story lacks proof. The term Uncle Sam has yet to be traced earlier than the fall of 1813, when we read of "Uncle Sam's Men," meaning United States custom house officers, and are told that "Uncle Sam, the now popular explication of the U. S., does not pay well," The term appears to have arisen somewhere in the North, perhaps in New York or Vermont; and its origin was presumably merely a jocular extension of the abbreviation U. S., then very common. For three years it ran a career in the newspapers, in 1816 it appeared in a book, and by 1817 its popularity was well established. NICHOLAS FROG, the typical Dutchman, was first used by Arbuthnot in his Law is a Bottomless Pit. JEAN CRAPAUD (Toad) is the popular nickname of the French nation, collectively taken, and dates back to the time when the ancient kings of France used for their device in heraldry 'three toads, erect, saltant,' or in a leaping posture, and Paris was called Lutetia, or 'Mudland.' Its streets were so quaggy that the French Court, with a point to its pleasantry, called its inhabitants 'frogs,' since they, like the reptiles, lived in mud. For the French-Canadian we have JEAN BAPTISTE, and the French peasant is facetiously called JACQUES BONHOMME. DEUTSCHER MICHEL is the facetious nickname applied to the German people, and intended particularly to satirize the weaknesses and foibles of the national character, especially their proverbial lethargy, heaviness, and credulity. The name Michael is used in German to designate any simple, uncultured countryman, and it has probably gained this significance by confusion of the Hebrew word with the old German michel-gross. SAWNEY is the sportive designation sometimes applied by the English to the Scotch, and is probably a corruption of Sandy, the abbreviation of Alexander. Sawney has a humor of his own, strong, and irrepressible, that will break out in spite of worldly thrift, kirk-session, cutty-stool, and lectures. It was first given to the Scotch by Coleridge. TAFFY, the Welshman, is a corruption of David, one of the most common of Welsh names. COLIN TAMPON is the reproachful, contemptuous nickname given to the Swiss in ancient times, and supposed to imitate the sound of their guns. PADDY, from Patrick, refers to the Irish. JOHN CHINAMAN is the popular nickname for the Chinese. The first record of this use was in A Letter to the Committee of Management of Drury Lane Theatre, London, in 1819. The Russian nickname, IVAN IVANOVITCH, denotes the typical muzhik. NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PARTY. See WHIG PARTY. and remain idle so long as they might receive 30 cents per day for doing nothing. Several attempts were made to bring the scheme within the range of practical feasibility; but political disturbances and personal jealousies made it impossible to carry them out. After four months' trial and a total expenditure of 14,000,000 francs, the system was abandoned when General Cavaignac became Chief of the Executive. The national workshops are sometimes erroneously confounded with the ateliers sociaux in Louis Blanc's plan of labor organization. NATIVE (from Lat. nativus, natal, inborn, from nasci, to be born; connected with Gk. yiyverbal, gignesthai, Skt. jan, AS. cennan, archaic Eng. ken, to beget). A term applied in chemistry and mineralogy to elements, especially the metals, when found in nature in a chemically free state. NATIVE BEAR. The Australian koala (q.v.). NATIVE COMPANION. An Australian Balearic crane (q.v.). NATIVITY (Lat. nativitas, birth, from nativus, natal, inborn), THE. A frequent theme of painters. The most celebrated representation of the subject is the famous picture by Correggio known as "La Notte" (the night), in the Dresden gallery. The whole picture is illuminated by the light proceeding from the body of the beautiful child. Above is a group of angels, while day is just breaking in the sky. NATIONAL STANDARDS AND EM- NATIONAL UNION. A fraternal beneficial society organized for purposes of mutual help and improvement, and incorporated in 1881 under the laws of Ohio. The number of members at the close of 1902 was 60,000; the number of councils 850. The insurance in force amounted to $140,000,000, and the death benefits paid since the date of organization to over $15,000,000. NATIONAL WORKSHOPS, or ATELIERS NATIONAUX, å'te-lyå nå'syō'no'. A plan of giving public employment attempted in France in 1848. The Provisional Government organized on the overthrow of Louis Philippe by the February Revolution passed a decree (February 25th) defended by its socialist members-Louis Blanc, and a few others declaring the 'right to work' and pledging the Government to guarantee employment for idle workmen. A few days later 'national workshops' were established. As a matter of fact there were no workshops opened; the work provided was in the open air, and consisted largely in planting trees, digging, and constructing roads-works for which few of the applicants were adapted. Their number, however, increased from day to day and at one time reached 130,000. No work could be found for many of the applicants; these received 30 cents a day, while those actually employed were paid 40 cents, although the work they performed was scarcely worth the additional 10 cents. Under these circumstances many workers who were in private employ demanded higher wages or were content to give up their places NATORP, nä'tôrp, PAUL GERHARD (1854—). A German philosopher of the Neo-Kantian type. He was born at Düsseldorf; studied in Berlin, Bonn, and Strassburg; and in 1885 became proHis works include: Descartes's Erkenntnisstheorie (1882); an edition of Democritus's Ethics (1893); Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der Humanität (1894); Platos Staat (1895); Socialpädagogik (1898); and Platos Idcenlehre (1903). It crys NA/TROLITE (from Eng. natron, from Ar. natrun, nitrūn, native carbonate of soda, from Gk. virpov, nitron, Nirpov, litron, natron, of Semitic origin (cf. Heb. neter, from natar, to loose) + Gk. Meos, lithos, stone). A mineral sodiumaluminum silicate of the zeolite group. tallizes in the orthorhombic system, has a vitreous, sometimes pearly, lustre, is transparent or translucent, and ranges in color from white or colorless to gray, yellow, and red. Natrolite is found in cavities in basalt and other igneous rocks, at various localities in Bohemia, the Tyrol, Ireland, and Scotland, in Nova Scotia, in the Lake Superior region, and at Bergen Hill, N. J. It is capable of receiving a high polish, and has been used as a gem for rings and other ornaments, especially in the form of the letter N in initial jewelry. NA'TRON. A hydrous sodium carbonate that crystallizes in the monoclinic system, and is found in nature only in solution, as in the Soda Lakes of Egypt. Of similar character is the Trona, an impure hydrogen sodium carbonate, which occurs as thin crusts along the margin of lakes in Egypt, Siberia, Tibet, and on the borders of the Black and Caspian seas. These minerals form the source of the soda salts of the ancient Egyptians, and were used by them in their arts, especially in embalming. Of like character is the carbonate of soda found at the bottom of the lake at Lagunillas near Mérida, Venezuela, which is called by the Indians Urao. Similar efflorescences are found in San Bernardino and Inyo counties, California, where they are formed by the spontaneous evaporation of saline waters. NATTER, nät'ter, HEINRICH (1846-92). An Austrian sculptor, born at Graun, Tyrol. He studied at the Polytechnicum in Augsburg and at the Academy in Munich. He lived in Munich He lived in Munich and afterwards in Vienna. Besides many portrait busts of celebrities, he produced a number of memorial statues and groups, notably the "Zwingli Monument" (1885) at Zurich; the "Haydn Monument" (1887) in Vienna; "Walther von der Vogelweide" (1889) at Bozen; and the heroic statue of "Andreas Hofer" (1892) on Mount Isel, near Innsbruck, his principal work. NATTERJACK (from AS. nædre, Goth. nadrō, Ger. Natter, adder + jack). A common, light-colored, rather smooth toad (Bafo calamita), of Western Europe, found in sandy districts. Its active habits have given it the name 'running toad' in some parts of England. NATTIER, nå'tyȧ', JEAN MARC (1685-1766). A French portrait painter, born in Paris. He was the son of the painter J. B. Nattier, and a pupil of Jean Jouvenet. He won the Academy prize in 1700, became a member of that body in 1718, and professor in 1752. He went to Amsterdam in 1715 and there painted portraits of Peter the Great, of his wife, Catharine I., and of members of their suite. If Rigaud is the painter par excellence of the men of his time, Nattier has done as much for the women. There are many portraits by him at Versailles, such as those of Marie Lesczynska, Madame Henriette de France (1751-54), Madame Adelaide, Madame Victoire, and Louise Henriette de Bourbon. Madame de Châteauroux as "Dawn," and Madame de Flavacourt as "Silence," are two of his best known works. "Magdalen in a Grotto" is his only work in the Louvre. NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION. TURNER, NAT. See NATUNA (nå-too'nå) ISLANDS. A group of islands in the South China Sea, northwest of Borneo, belonging to Holland (Map: Australasia, C 2). They are for the most part densely wooded and mountainous, but have some cultivated tracts which produce maize, rice, sago, and cocoanuts. The area is estimated at 803 square miles, and the inhabitants, who are chiefly Malay fishermen, number about 8000. NATURAL (from Lat. naturalis, according to nature, from natura, nature, from nasci, to be born; connected with Gk. ylyveodal, gignesthai, to become, Skt. jan, to beget, AS. cennan, obsolete Eng. ken, to beget). In music, the sign, which, placed before a note, counteracts the effect of a previous # or b and restores the note to its normal or natural place. To counteract a double sharp or a double flat (X, bb) a single natural is used, although it was formerly customary to write a double natural (4). This form is superfluous and incorrect. In a key with many sharps or flats a doubly raised or lowered interval is generally restored to the chromatically altered tone required by the key signature. Thus, in G flat a bbb would be restored, not to b, but to bb, which is indicated by b. Likewise in a signature with sharps the natural sign appears as ↳ #. NATURAL BRIDGE. One of the chief natural curiosities in the United States. It is situated in Rockbridge County, Va., 115 miles west of Richmond (Map: Virginia, E 4). The bridge spans a deep chasm, through which a small stream flows. It is composed of a hard siliceous limestone in horizontal strata, and is the remnant of the roof of a great cave which formerly covered the gorge. This remnant now remains in the form of an arch 215 feet high. The span of the arch is from 45 to 60 feet, and the thickness of its crown is about 40 feet, while its average width is 60 feet. A public road passes across it. NATURAL GAS. See Gas, Natural. NATURAL HARMONICS. See HARMONICS. NATURAL HISTORY. A term used at dif ferent times and by different authors in a variety of senses. It was applied at first to the study of all natural objects, including minerals, rocks, and all living beings. The study of external nature, and of the phenomena or laws governing the movements of natural bodies, was formerly opposed to metaphysics, history, literature, etc. After a while astronomy and chemistry were eliminated from natural history; then natural philosophy, or what is now called physics, was separated from chemistry. separated from chemistry. But natural science, as distinguished from physical science, has made such progress that we must now know whether our naturalist is a mineralogist, a geologist, a paleontologist, a botanist, a zoologist, or a specialist in some narrower department of biological study. At present natural history is confined to the study of organic nature, or biology, and students of general physiology and morphology are called biologists. See BIOLOGY; BIONOMICS. NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE. A work by Rev. Gilbert White (1789). It was produced from letters written by the author to Thomas Pennant and to Daines Barrington on outdoor life in a Hampshire village. Written in a style simple and entirely free from self-consciousness, it shows wonderful observation of nature, with a charm that made it an English classic. NATURALISM. The name given in philosophy to any system which seeks to explain the order of the universe by efficient causation alone, without calling in the aid of conscious purpose. (See CAUSALITY.) The most prevalent forms of naturalism have been mechanistic, i.e. have attempted to reduce efficient causation to mechanical causation. For instance, the systems of Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius attempted to account for the universe as we know it by the fall of atoms. A more elaborate form of the same attempt is to be found in modern materialism (q.v.). But naturalism need not be merely mechanistic. It may recognize the fact that psychic phenomena have laws of their own which cannot be deduced from the laws of motion; for the recognition of unique psychological laws may very well go with a refusal to regard the whole course of nature, physical and psychical, as in any way controlled by an overruling purpose. Many so-called materialists, e.g. Feuerbach, |