Close to the temple of Rameses III. lie the buildings of the smaller temple. Between two pylons-the outer built by Ptolemy X., the inner by Taharka-is a small chapel (32 feet long), built by Nectanebo. The inner pylon forms the entrance to a court, at the upper end of which is the temple built in the Eighteenth Dynasty by Hatasu and Thothmes III. It consists of a chamber surrounded by a colonnaded portico, and adorned with reliefs and inscriptions. To the rear lie six smaller chambers, in one of which is a shrine for a divine image. Consult: Description de l'Egypte (Paris, 1809-29); Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes (London, 1835); Dümichen, Geschichte des alten Aegyptens (Berlin, 1878). See also THEBES.

MEDING, mading, OSKAR (1829-). A German novelist, whose pseudonym is 'Gregor Samarow.' He was born in Königsberg, Prussia, studied law, and in 1870 retired from the civil service. From 1873 to 1879 he lived in Berlin, and then at Castle Wohldenberg, and in 1900 settled at Charlottenberg. His novels deal mostly His novels deal mostly with modern history. He wrote, under the pseudonym of 'Samarow,' Um Scepter und Kronen, a cycle (1872-76); Die Römerfahrt der Epigonen (1874; 4th ed. 1887); Höhen und Tiefen (1879-80); Krieg oder Frieden (1897); and Ein Gespenst (1902). He also wrote under his own name and the pseudonym 'Leo Warren.' More purely historical and biographical are his Memoiren zur Zeitgeschichte (1881-84); Erinnerungen aus der Zeit der Gärung und Klärung (1896); and Aus vergangenen Tagen (1896). MEʼDIOLA'NUM. The Latin name of Milan.

MEDITERRANEAN FEVER. See MALTA

FEVER.

MEDITERRANEAN RACE (Lat. mediter、 raneus, midland, from medius, middle + terra, land). That portion of the white or Caucasian division of mankind dwelling now or formerly about the Mediterranean Sea, characterized by long heads and faces, dark brown or black hair, dark eyes, medium stature, slender bodies, and broad noses. It is called Iberian by English ethnologists, Ligurian by the Italians, Ibero-Insular or Atlanto-Mediterranean by Deniker, and Ibero-Pictish by Rhys.

There are four subraces of the Mediterranean race. In the southwestern portion of Europe, including Spain and Portugal, and moving onward as far as Iceland and Scotland, were the Iberians. (q.v.), who left their name on the Iberian peninsula. In the middle projection into the Mediterranean were the Ligurian subrace, whose territory stretched westward into Southern France. The eastern peninsula and the isles of Greece were the home of the Pelasgians (q.v.), who moved northwestward through ancient Illyricum into Italy and are supposed to have been of one race with the Hittites (q.v.) of Asia Minor. The Northeastern and North African subrace may be called in general terms Hamite (q.v.), to which belonged among others the Egyptians and Libyans. Consult Sergi, The Mediterranean Rece (London, 1901), with references to his numerous writings and the best authorities.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA. A great inland sea of the Eastern Hemisphere, almost entirely inclosed by the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and communicating with the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora, and

the Bosporus (Map: Europe, D 5). It extends from longitude 5° 21′ W. to 36° 10′ E., a distance of 2320 miles. Its breadth differs widely in different parts, the maximum breadth being 1080 miles. It is connected with the Atlantic by the Strait of Gibraltar. The southern or African coast is comparatively smooth and unindented. The northern or European coast, on the other hand, is extremely broken, with several long peninsulas, deep bays and gulfs, and many islands. It abounds in good harbors, which early conduced to extensive commerce. The Balearic Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Crete, and Cyprus are the largest islands. The Italian peninsula, with Sicily and the extended shallows that lie between Sicily and Tunis, divide the Mediterranean into two parts.

The depth of the Mediterranean differs greatly in different parts, the maximum depth being 14,400 feet in the eastern basin south of the Morea, and 12.200 feet in the western basin east of Sardinia. The depth at the Strait of Gibraltar is less than 1000 fathoms, while fifty miles

outside the water shoals to 200 fathoms.

The

specific gravity and salinity of the water is slightly greater than that of the Atlantic, the proportions being 1.029 to 1.028. The temperature of the surface water in summer is commonly a few degrees higher than that of the Atlantic in the same latitudes, and the temperature at depths is much higher, as is often the case in partly inclosed seas. While the temperature in the greater depths of the Atlantic is very near the freezing point, in the Mediterranean it reaches In winter the surface temonly 54° to 56° F. peratures do not differ materially. The tides are very slight, at most places being only a few inches in height. In the summer the northeast trades blow over the Mediterranean, while in the winter, with the shifting of the trades, the prevailing winds are westerly. Specially designated winds are the Bora, in the Adriatic, and the Sirocco, blowing over from the African desert.

The great rivers which flow into the Mediterranean are few in number, the principal ones being the Ebro, Rhone, and the Po from Europe, and the Nile from Africa. Into the Black Sea flows much more water, hence there is a constant current from the Black Sea into the Mediterranean. From the Atlantic flows a constant surface current into the Mediterranean, due probably to the excess of evaporation over supply in the latter body of water, while there is a lower current flowing in the contrary direction. The chief divisions of the Mediterranean are known as the Levantine Sea (in the east), the Ægean Sea, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea (immediately west of the peninsula of Italy), and Balearic Sea.

Of the European sea fishes over 400 species inhabit the Mediterranean Sea, some of which are peculiar to it. It has a greater number of species than the British and Scandinavian seas, but does not nearly so much abound in useful kinds. The sponge, tunny, and sardine fisheries are important on some parts of its coasts. It is rich in red coral, which is procured in great quantity on the coasts of Provence, of the Balearic Isles, and of Sicily, but particularly on the coasts of Tunis and Tripoli in Africa.

The shores of the Mediterranean Sea are in many parts subject to frequent earthquakes. Besides the existing active volcanoes of Etna, Vesu

MEDITERRANEAN

SUBREGION.

In

zoögeography, that subdivision of the Palearctic Region which includes the basin of the Mediterranean Sea, Asia Minor, Persia, and the south coast of Asia as far as the Indus. The Canary, Azores, and Madeira islands are also included. It is bounded on the north by the line of mountains which extend from the Pyrenees to the Himalayas, and on the south by the Atlas Mountains, the deserts of Northwestern Africa and Central Arabia, and east of that by the Indian Ocean. It is a region of subtropical warmth, and except along the north shore of the Mediterranean is largely treeless, arid, and elevated. Within recent times the Mediterranean has been of much less extent, enabling animals to pass freely across its basin at two or more places; and much of the country now barren was formerly wooded. It is not surprising to find, therefore, a general similarity and great variety of life throughout the entire area. Among the possible indigenes of this subregion were the horse, camel, and some other now wholly domesticated animals. Of the few remaining or recently extinct mammals of the larger sort, the Barbary ape, fallow deer, aoudad, moufflon (of Sardinia), and civets are most prominent. Several gazelles and antelopes, which do not range south of the Sahara, the Asiatic wild ass, and many small animals are peculiar. Most of the North European birds pass across it in their migration to and from their winter homes; but it has many resident species of its own, especially among the birds of prey and the game birds. See DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS; and consult the accompanying maps, and the authorities there cited.

MEDJIDIE, mě-jíd'í-å (Turk. majīdī, from Turk., Ar. majid, glorious, from Ar. majd, glory, from majada, to be glorious). A Turkish order of distinction, first instituted in 1852. The Order

of Medjidie has five classes, each differing in size, triple rays, the crescent and star alternating with the rays. In the centre of the decoration, on a circle of red enamel, is the legend signifying 'zeal, honor, and loyalty,' and the date 1268, the Mohammedan calendar year corresponding to 1852. The Sultan's name is inscribed on a gold field within this circle. The first three classes of the order are worn suspended from the neck, and the fourth and fifth on the left breast. A star closely resembling the badge is worn on the left breast by the wearers of the first-class order, and on the right breast by those of the second class. The ribbon is red with green borders. See Plate of Orders.

the decoration on which is a silver sun of seven

MEDLAR (OF. medler, mesler, meslier medlar-tree, from mesle, mesple, neple, Fr. nèfle, It. nespila, medlar-fruit, from OHG. mespila, nespela, Ger. Mispel, medlar, from Lat. mespilus, Gk. μéoriλov, mespilon, μeoriλn, mespilē, medlar; probably connected ultimately with Heb. shāpēl, to be low), Mespilus. A genus of trees or shrubs

of the natural order Rosacex sometimes combined with the genus Pyrus by botanists. The common medlar (Mespilus or Pyrus germanica), a large shrub or small tree, spiny in a wild state, but destitute of spines in cultivation, is a native of and in general cultivation in the south of Europe and the temperate parts of Asia, seldom seen in America. It has lanceolate leaves, not divided nor serrated, solitary large white flowers at the ends of small spurs, and somewhat top-shaped fruit, of the size of a small pear or larger, according to the variety. The fruit is very astringent, even when ripe, and is not eaten until its tough pulp has become soft and vinous by incipient decay.

MEDLEY, SAMUEL (1738-99). Baptist pastor in Liverpool, England, from 1772, and favorite hymn-writer. In early life he was in the navy, but was obliged to retire on account of wounds in 1759. He then taught school, till in 1767 he became a preacher. Two of his hymns, "Oh, could I speak the matchless worth," and "Awake my soul to joyful lays," are well known. MÉDOC. See WINE.

MEDOWS, měd'ōz, Sir WILLIAM (1738-1813). An English soldier. In 1756 he entered the British Army, in which he served for many years, first in Germany, then in the war with the American colonies, in which he commanded the Fiftyfifth Regiment. He was soon placed at the head of the First Brigade of Grenadiers and distinguished himself by his bravery at the battle of Brandywine and in the expedition of 1778 against Saint Lucia. He afterwards lived in India from 1781 to 1793, occupied several posts of responsibility there, and served as Governor of Madras from 1790 to 1792. His military renown was greatly increased by gallant conduct at the siege of Seringapatam, and in 1793 the rank of lieuFor tenant-general was conferred upon him. some time after his return to England he was Governor of the Isle of Wight, and afterwards, as the successor of Cornwallis, was commanderin-chief in Ireland (1801-03).

MEDRANO, må-drä'no, FRANCISCO DE. A Spanish poet of the seventeenth century, born at

Seville. It is known that he visited Rome, but no other details of his life are authenticated. He especially noted for his odes in the manner of is one of the best of Spanish lyric poets, and is Horace. His works were first published in the Sestinas of Pedro Venegas de Saavedra, a poet of Seville (1617). They are reprinted in Rivadenera's Biblioteca de autores españoles, vols. xxxii., xxxv., and xlii. (1854).

MEDULLA OB'LONGA'TA. SYSTEM AND BRAIN.

See NERVOUS

MED'ULLARY RAY (Lat. medullaris, pertaining to marrow, from medulla, marrow). The radiating vertical plates of tissue in stems, the primary ones extending from the pith to the cortex; also called 'pith-rays.' Rays of less extent are called 'secondary.' See WOOD.

MEDULLARY SARCO'MA. One of the synonyms for that variety of cancer which is also known as encephaloid, cellular cancer, medullary cancer, fungus medullaris, etc. It grows more quickly, distributes itself more rapidly, and attains a more considerable bulk than any other form of cancer, tumors of this nature being often as large as a man's head, or even larger. Of

all forms of cancer, it runs the quickest course, soonest ulcerates, is the most malignant, and causes death in by far the shortest time, often destroying life in a few weeks, or, at furthest, in a few months after its first appearance, unless it has been removed by an operation at an early stage.

When it ulcerates, fungoid growths form upon the surface; they are extremely vascular, and bleed on the slightest provocation. In this state, the disease has received the name of fungus hæmatodes. See TUMOR.

MEDUL’LA SPINAʼLIS. See NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BRAIN.

MÊDÛM, må-dōom'. A village in Egypt, on the western side of the Nile, some 40 miles south of Cairo, in about latitude 29° 30′ N. Near it, on the edge of the desert, is the pyramid of King Snefru (q.v.), the first King of the Fourth Dynasty and the immediate predecessor of King Cheops (q.v.). From a great mass of rubbish, which covers its base, it rises in three stages to the height of about 122 feet, the upper stage being almost entirely destroyed. The outer walls consist of finely polished blocks of Mokattam stone, beautifully joined together. The pyramid was opened in 1881 by Maspero, who discovered a long passage leading from the north face into the sepulchral chamber, which is built upon the surface of the underlying rock. The chamber had, however, been robbed as early as the time of the Twentieth Dynasty, and in it were found only some broken fragments of the wooden coffin and a wooden jar. Flinders Petrie, who later made a careful examination of the pyramid, found against its eastern face a funerary chapel consisting of an open court and two small chambers. Ancient visitors to the chapel had left upon its walls numerous graffiti, in five of which Snefru is mentioned as the King to whom the pyramid was attributed. Petrie's researches showed that the present peculiar form of the pyramid resulted from the removal of its outer layers in order to obtain stone for building purposes.

Near the pyramid are the tombs (mastabas, q.v.) of a number of high personages of Snefru's Court. The most important of them are the

mastabas, richly adorned with mural paintings, of Prince Rê-hotep and Nofret, his wife, and of Prince Nofer-ma't and his spouse, Yetet. The statues of Rê-hotep and Nofret, found in their tomb, are now in the Museum of Cairo. In the cemetery of Medum have been found a number of graves exhibiting a peculiar mode of burial. The bodies lie upon the left side, with the face toward the east and the knees drawn up; coffins and the usual accessories of Egyptian graves are absent. Consult Petrie, Mêdum (London, 1892).

MEDUSA. See GORGO.

MEDUSA (Lat., from Gk. Médovoa, Medousa, name of one of the three Gorgons, from μédev, medein, to rule). A general name applied to the disk-like, umbrella-shaped jelly-fish, with long marginal feelers, and so called from their resemblance to the fabled Medusa's head. (See Plate.) While the term medusa is now generally applied to the sexual free-swimming adult stage of any hydroid, it is particularly applicable to our common North Atlantic Aurelia flavidula of the class Scyphozoa (the group formerly called Discophora). Another general name is acaleph.

each covered by a lobule and situated on a peduncle, and occupying as many slight indentations, dividing the disk into eight slightly marked lobes. The subdivisions of the water-vascular canals or tubes are very numerous and anastomose at the margin of the disk, one of them being in direct communication with each eye-peduncle. When in

motion the disk contracts and expands rhythmically, on the average twelve or fifteen times a minute. On the approach of danger the animal sinks below the surface. Though it has lassocells, it is not poisonous to bathers, while the great Cyanea arctica is very much so. The Aurelia spawns in late summer, the females being distinguishable by their yellow ovaries, the corresponding male gland being roseate, while the tentacles of the female are shorter and thicker than in the males.

FIG. 3. SCYPHISTOMA OF Aurelia flavidula, AT DIFFERENt ages. Magnified. (After Agassiz.)

The eggs pass out of the mouth into the sea along the channeled arms, and in October the ciliated gastrula (Fig. 2) becomes pear-shaped and attached to rocks, dead shells, or seaweeds, and then assumes a hydra-shaped Scyphistoma stage (Fig. 3), with often twenty-four very long tenta

cles; in this stage it remains about eighteen months. Toward the end of this period the body increases in size and divides into a series of cupshaped disks. These saucer-like disks are scalloped on the upturned edge, tentacles lead out, and the animal assumes the Strobila stage (Fig. 4). Finally the disks separate, the upper one becomes detached and with the other disks swims away in the Ephyra form (Fig. 5). When about a fifth of an inch in diameter, and toward the middle or end of the summer, this young medusa becomes an adult Aurelia.

relia flavidula.

even

Fig. 4. STROBILA OF Au- beauty occur in the MediOther forms of greater terranean and the tropics. A much larger kind of medusa than Aurelia, Cyanea arctica, is common on the Grand Banks and off the coast of Northern New England. It sometimes attains a diameter across the disk of from three to five feet, though it is produced from a Scyphistoma not more than half an inch in height. Its tentacles stream behind, sometimes to the length of several fathoms, and poison the hands of fishermen. Species of Pelagia do not undergo an alteration of generations PARTHENO(see GENESIS), but grow directly from the egg, without passing through a Strobila stage.

FIG. 5. EPHYRA OR EARLIEST FREE CONDITION OF Aurelia. (After Agassiz.)

For various Mediterranean and tropical forms, see Colored Plates of MEDUSÆ AND SIPHONOPHORE.

Medusæ shelter various kinds of animals, which live as fellow-boarders or commensals, viz. temporary non-attached parasites. Some of them live in or under the mouth-cavity or between the four tentacles of the larger medusa. Such is the little amphipod crustacean, Hyperia, which lives within the mouth, while small fishes, such as the butterfish, swim under the umbrella of the larger jelly-fishes, Cyanea, etc., for shelter and protection. Besides small animals of various classes, the larger jelly-fishes kill by means of their nettling organs small cuttle-fishes and true fishes, the animals being paralyzed by the pricks of the minute barbed darts. See CELENTERATA; CTENOPHORA; NEMATOCYST.

FOSSIL MEDUSÆ. Because of the jelly-like nature of the body and the absence of any hard parts in medusæ, these animals would seem to present the most unfavorable conditions for fossilization. Indeed, they are rarely found in the ancient rocks, but there are some noteworthy exceptions, especially in the Cambrian and Jurassic formations. Impressions and also what have been considered to be casts of the medusoid bodies have been found in rocks of the Lower Cambrian in both Sweden and North America. The peculiar fossil called Dactyloidites found in the green roofing slates of Granville, Washington County, N. Y., is generally regarded as of this nature. Fine impressions of jelly-fish are found in the

surfaces of the fine-grained lithographic limestones of Jurassic age at Solenhofen and other places in Bavaria.

Consult: Agassiz, L., Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vols. iii., iv. (Boston, 1862-66); Agassiz, A., North American Acalephs (Cambridge, 1865); Haeckel, System der Medusen (Jena, 1880-81); id., "Report on Medusa," in Challenger Reports, vol. iv. (London, 1881); id., "Ueber fossile Medusen," in Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vols. xv. and xix. (Leipzig, 1865-70); Von Ammon, "Ueber jurassische Medusen," in Abhandlungen der Königlich baierischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. xvii. (Munich, 1883); Walcott, "Fossil Medusa," in Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, vol. xxx. (Washington, 1898). See HYDROID; HYDROZOA.

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MEDUSA RONDANINI, rôn'då-ne'nė. noted marble, formerly in the Rondanini Palace in Rome, acquired in 1808 by the Crown Prince of Bavaria, and now preserved in the Glyptothek at Munich. It is of the later type which represents the Gorgon not with convulsed features, but with a fixed and calm expression.

MÉDUSE, må'duz', LA (Fr., the Medusa). A French vessel sent by the Government to resume possession of the colony of Senegal, which had been restored by the treaties of 1815. She was wrecked near the African coast on July 2, 1816, and 149 persons took refuge on a hastily constructed raft. After twelve days of horrible suffering, during which the castaways were re-. duced to eating their companions, the fifteen survivors were rescued by the brig Argus. The disaster forms the subject of a famous painting by Géricault, in the Louvre, exhibited in the Salon of 1819. The picture represents the raft just as the brig appears on the horizon, and is

notable for its intense realism.

MED WIN, THOMAS (1788-1869). The biographer of the poet Shelley, born at Horsham, in Sussex, England, March 20, 1788. His mother, Mary, a daughter of John Pilfold, was first cousin to Elizabeth Pilfold, the mother of Shelley. Medwin and Shelley were educated at Sion House School, Brentford, and they spent their vacations together at Horsham. Medwin entered the army, and became a lieutenant in 1813. With his regiment he passed some time in India. In 1819 he retired on half pay and soon quitted the service. In 1821 he went to Italy, where he associated intimately with Shelley and Lord Byron. He afterwards led an unsettled life. He died at Horsham, August 2, 1869. His Journal of the Conversations of Lord Byron (1824) created a sensation owing to its personalities. A Memoir of Shelley (1833) was afterwards expanded into The Life of Shelley (2 vols., 1847).

MEEHAN, mē'an, THOMAS (1826-1901). An American botanist and horticulturist, born at Potter's Bar, near London. In 1847 he came to America to manage Buist's nursery at Rosedale, near Philadelphia, and six years later started his own nurseries at Germantown. Meehan was prominent in Philadelphia, as a member of the council and 'father of the small parks.' As a vegetable biologist he obtained great fame, especially by his theory that sex is determined by the vitality of the branch bearing the flower. member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and of the American Association for the

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