student's time and interest, and in many cases they make an adequate return. Many students, however, find it very difficult to keep up their interest in their denominational group and at the same time take part in the activities of the all-inclusive religious organizations which play so large a part on many of the college campuses.

On practically all of the land-grant campuses, the report indicates strong branches of both the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. These are very broad in their inclusion of membership, and offer a varied opportunity for students interested in this type of work. In addition, they are usually directly on the campus rather than on its fringe. Thirty-six of the land-grant institutions report both Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., 6 others report organizations called by the name of the college, as "Cornell Christian Association." Four of these, however, report branches of the Y. W. C. A. in addition, showing that the women's organization keeps its affiliation with the national body, even though the men's organization may be independent. California reports no organizations recognized officially by the university, although it states that there are branches in Berkeley especially for the students. Utah reports that it recognizes no organizations of a religious nature.

The evolution of these two organizations in the past 10 or 15 years has been amazing. The narrowness of their original membership platform has been broadened to include almost any one who is interested in spiritual matters. This is especially true of the Y. W. C. A. which has let down the former evangelical bars to such an extent that on many campuses both Jewish and Catholic girls work wholeheartedly in its various activities. It is interesting to see on how many college campuses very practical and vital functions of the college itself are turned over to these organizations. For instance, in replying to the questions on student employment, several institutions reported that this work is sometimes handled by these organizations where there was no regular centralized employment bureau on the campus. The finding of rooms for students away from home is another function belonging primarily to the college which has been carried by these two organizations in many places. On several of the land-grant campuses, they are in a real sense the center of the social life for the students away from home, and to them credit must be given in many places for undertaking the work of helping the freshmen to adjust to the campus through putting him in touch with older students who would be helpful to him in the first days of his residence at colloge.

The report on the direct college support of these organizations was covered in another section of this portion of the survey. Both the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. maintain national headquarters

with a fairly large paid staff. In addition, the college branches frequently employ paid secretaries who are mature trained people with a real interest in helping the students develop along the lines of their spiritual interests as well as in their intellectual life. The really good Y. W. or Y. M. C. A. secretary can be a real force and asset to any college campus. The salaries paid are not an adequate measure of the fine quality of personnel obtained. Both the Y. M. and Y. W. C. A. perform another very real service for the students, and that is the contacts which they make for him with the community outside of the campus. They offer opportunities for those interested in social service and in establishing better industrial relations, to become really acquainted with the conditions in the community. They foster a large program of world fellowship and international mindedness, and they try to work closely with all the agencies within the college community in helping the student to adjust himself, not only to college life but to his thinking about his life after he leaves college.

The Cosmopolitan Club is another organization that appears in the reports of many of the land-grant institutions. This is a club composed about equally of American students and students from other lands. It presents a program of racial and international problems which is very stimulating to American students, and it endeavors to help the student from other lands to make contacts which will be richer and more valuable than he could make by himself. It always has an advisory board composed largely of faculty members who help the students plan the programs and activities. It is instrumental in aiding foreign students to find suitable living conditions and to have a more satisfying social life while they are in this country. It also aids in bringing to the campuses speakers from other countries and fosters discussion of present-day problems which involve international understanding and good will.

The number of political and civic clubs on the campuses did not seem to be very large. The one most frequently mentioned was the College League of Women Voters. Perhaps the students are so much more interested in their own collegiate political activities than in those of the outside world that they can not maintain permanent political clubs. However, at the time of any heated presidential campaign the formation and growth of these political clubs is phenomenal, and almost every college campus supports not only the clubs representative of the main political parties, but also student clubs which voice the protesting and irregular groups. These clubs, however, seem to maintain only a temporary interest while the actual campaign issue is heatedly before the general public and then their vitality vanishes. It is curious to see how completely divorced from con

tact with the world of affairs the college student seems to be on any of the major issues of the day. In all other respects, he is a strongly socialized animal seeking herd strength. In his interest in political matters, excepting at the time of a major campaign, he is apparently purely individualistic, at least if the complete absence of reports of political organizations, permanent in character, on the land-grant college campuses is any basis of judgment. Since the League of Women Voters is nonpartisan and entirely educational in aim, it is perhaps not so strange to find that this organization maintains continued life from year to year.

PART VII.-STAFF

The earnings, training, experience, age, family responsibilities, type of work, rank, and scholarly affiliations of members of the staffs of colleges and universities are intimately related. The survey of land-grant institutions presented an opportunity to secure information in sufficient quantity to justify analysis of some of these relationships in greater detail than staff studies have usually undertaken. There are now 20,988 men and 5,321 women members of administrative and instructional staffs in the land-grant colleges and universities. More than 12,000 members of the staffs of these institutions cooperated by furnishing in usable form information requested by an extensive questionnaire.

Since limitations of time and space have made it impossible to analyze and present in this report all the information thus collected, the following list of items covered by this questionnaire may be of assistance to students who desire to pursue the subject further by personal investigation of the data on file in the United States Office of Education. The questionnaire secured information for each staff member concerning age, academic rank, title of position; college, school, or major division of service; department, sex, race, marital condition, birthplace, salary, perquisites, additional institutional earnings, noninstitutional employment; college, normal school, and university training upon both the undergraduate and graduate levels; major and minor subjects studied, work in professional education; earned and honorary degrees, degree equivalents; elementary and secondary school experience in teaching, supervisory and administrative work, and in various subject-matter fields; business and professional experience; college, normal school, and university experience with tenure, subject-matter field, level and nature of work in each such institution; age of attaining and length of service in each academic rank; teaching load; percentage of time employed by institution; distribution of time among different institutional duties; nature and number of publications; sabbatic and other leaves; membership in and attendance upon meetings of professional, scholastic, and scientific organizations; special honors attained.1

The statistical records of selected portions of the information secured by this questionnaire constitute the greater part of the report that follows. Comment has been restricted to the more obviously interesting and significant features of these records in order that a larger portion of the data themselves might be presented. It is believed that the statistical tables that follow will provide data for interpretation and study that have not usually been available to students and institutional administrators.

1 For discussion of the staff from the standpoint of the major divisions see Parts IX, X, and XI, and Vol. II, Parts III and V.

Almost every staff problem is in some way related to the compen sation paid staff members. The salaries paid members of the landgrant college staffs, therefore, present a convenient point of departure for presentation of the facts available with reference to rank. annual period of service, age, training, and other factors that are significant in evaluating the nature of the administrative and teaching forces in this group of institutions.

It is usually assumed that salary varies with rank and with the length of the period of annual service. Table 1 presents the facts with reference to these relationships for 51 of the land-grant institutions. This information is derived from the annual reports made by the land-grant institutions to the United States Office of Education.

TABLE 1.-Salaries for 1928-29 in 51 land-grant colleges1