Heckewelder was on his way to the Muskingum, with the Moravian emigration from Freidenstadt, he called at "Logan's settlement, receiving every civility from such of the family as were at home." We assume, therefore, that the Mingo town in question, composed of Indians from the different New York tribes, but principally of Senecas, was known for some years before Logan's emigration to the Ohio in 1772, but that, almost immediately on his arrival, he became so prominent among the Indians of the frontier, that the village was called after his name. David Zeisberger, the friend of his father Shikellimus, and who had known Logan from boyhood, speaks of him as "a man of quick comprehension, good judgment and talents." There is evidence, also, that he was a person of distinguished appearance.

We will now endeavor, from a mass of conflicting testimony, to narrate the circumstances which transformed Logan from the firm friend to the bitter enemy of the whites.

In the winter of 1773-4, one Dr. John Connolly, a nephew of George Croghan, determined to assert the claims of Virginia upon Fort Pitt and its vicinity. He issued a proclamation to the inhabitants, to meet at Redstone, now Brownsville, on the 24th and 25th of January, 1774, and organize themselves as a Virginia militia. Before the time appointed, Connolly was arrested by Arthur St. Clair, who then represented the Pennsylvania proprietors at Pittsburgh, and the assemblage at Redstone dispersed without definite action. As soon as Connolly was released from custody, however, he renewed his efforts to establish the exclusive authority of Virginia. He came to Pittsburgh on the 28th of March, with an armed band of followers, and in the name and by the authority of Lord Dunmore, proclaimed the jurisdiction of Virginia-rebuilding Fort Pitt, which was

called Fort Dunmore. He was recognized as Captain Commandant of a district called West Augusta, and almost immediately exhibited a tyrannical spirit to all who were in the Pennsylvania interest, while he seemed not unwilling to involve the frontier in an Indian war-one motive for the latter policy being, as suggested by Arthur St. Clair and others, to cloak his extravagant civil expenditure, with the indefinite item of frontier defence. At any rate, his letters to the Virginians, who were scattered in exploring parties along the south bank of the Ohio, contributed materially to the outbreak of hostilities. On the 21st of April, Connolly wrote that the Shawanese were not to be trusted, and that the whites ought to be prepared to revenge any wrong done them. Already the Indians were accused of stealing horses from the encampments and settlements of the Virginians, and on the 16th of April, a canoe, belonging to William Butler, a leading Pittsburgh trader, had been attacked near Wheeling by three Cherokees, and one white man had been. killed. The alarm spread down the river, and a party of Virginian surveyors and explorers organized, with Capt. Michael Cresap at their head, and repaired to Wheeling, to determine what course to pursue. George Rogers Clark, who was of this band, has left a statement that Cresap dissuaded them from an intention to attack a town called Horsehead Bottom, on the Scioto and near its mouth, and proposed the return to Wheeling. Here, according to Clark, two letters were received from Connolly-one requesting the men to keep their position for a few days, as war was

4) For the facts relative to Connolly's conduct, &c., see American Archives, fourth series, i., 252 to 288, 435, 774, &c.

5) Clark's letter was originally published in the Louisville News Letter, and is quoted in the Hesperian, February, 1839, p. 309.

apprehended, and messengers were then at the Indian towns to ascertain their purpose, and a second letter (we suppose the same above mentioned as dated April 21,) addressed to Capt. Cresap, informing him that the messengers had returned from the Indians: that "war was inevitable, and the country should be covered with scouts until the inhabitants could fortify themselves." Clark continues: "The reception of this letter was the epoch of open hostilities with the Indians. A new post was planted, a council was called, and the letter read by Cresap, all the Indian traders being summoned on so important an occasion. Action was had, and war declared in the most solemn manner: and the same evening two scalps were brought into the camp."

These were probably the scalps of friendly Indians, who had been despatched by William Butler, the Pittsburgh trader, to look after the cargo of the canoe, which the Cherokees had attacked. Ebenezer Zane, who was settled at Wheeling, has testified that he opposed the project of killing these Indians, but his good counsel was lost. The party, or some of them, went up the river. On being asked at their return, what had become of the Indians, they coolly answered that "they had fallen overboard into the river." The traders were brought back in safety, but Zane says that he examined the canoe, "found much blood and bullet holes," and inferred the tragic condition of affairs.

We resume Clark's narrative. "The next day some canoes of Indians were discovered on the river, keeping the advantage of an island to cover themselves from our view. They were chased fifteen miles down the river, and driven ashore; a battle ensued; a few were wounded on both sides: one Indian only taken prisoner. On examining their canoes, we found a considerable quantity of ammunition and other warlike stores.

On our return to camp, a resolution was adopted to march the next day, and attack Logan's camp on the Ohio, about thirty miles above us. We did march about five miles, and then halted to take some refreshment. Here the impropriety of executing the attempted enterprise was argued. The conversation was brought forward by Cresap himself. It was generally agreed that those Indians had no hostile intentions; as I myself and others present had been in their camp about four weeks past, on our descending the river from Pittsburg. In short, every person seemed to detest the resolution we had set out with. We returned in the evening, decamped, and took the road to Redstone."

We suppose that Col. Ebenezer Zane, in his statement, dated Feb. 4, 1800, alludes to the same affair as Clark here. relates, in the following paragraph: "On the afternoon of the day this action (killing the two Indians above Wheeling) happened, a report prevailed that there was a camp of Indians on the Ohio, below or near the Wheeling. In consequence of this information, Captain Cresap with his party, joined by a number of recruits, proceeded immediately down the Ohio for the purpose, as was then generally understood, of destroying the Indians above mentioned. On the succeeding day, Captain Cresap and his party returned to Wheeling, and it was generally reported by the party that they had killed a number of Indians. Of the truth of this report I had no doubt, as one of Cresap's party was badly wounded, and the party had a fresh scalp, and a quantity of property, which they called Indian plunder. At the time of the last mentioned transaction, it was generally reported that the party of Indians down the Ohio, were Logan and his family, but I have reason to believe that this report was unfounded.

If we are correct in supposing that Clark and Zane refer

to the same transaction, Doddridge is an authority to the additional facts that the battle was fought at the mouth of Captina creek, at the southeast border of Belmont county, and that one of Cresap's party was severely wounded.

"Two days afterwards," says Clark, or "within a few days," according to Zane and Doddridge, or on the 4th of May, according to a third account, occurred the tragedy opposite the mouth of Yellow creek. One Baker was settled on the Virginia side, and a party of thirty-two persons had gathered in the neighborhood. On the north, or Indian side

of the Ohio, was an Indian encampment, from which a party of five men, one woman, (some accounts say two) and a little child crossed to Baker's. Here rum was offered them by the direction of Greathouse, and three of the men were made drunk. The other two men and the woman refused to drink and were shot down, while the intoxicated Indians were tomahawked. This was done by only five or six of Greathouse's party, the rest protesting against it as an atrocious murder, but not preventing the deed. The child, a very young female infant, was spared by the humanity of some one of the party.

The Indians in the camp at Yellow creek, hearing the firing at the house, sent a canoe with two men in it to inquire what had happened. These two Indians were both shot down as soon as they landed on the beach. A second and larger canoe was then manned with a number of Indians in arms; who, attempting to reach the shore some distance below the house, were received with a well directed fire from the party, which killed the greater number of them, and compelled the survivors to retire. A great number of shots were exchanged

6) Doddridge's Notes, p. 226. The subject is fully presented in the appendix to Jefferson's Notes.