EDDA.

Vigfússon, in the Corpus Poeticum Boreale, vol. i. (1883), tried to rearrange the parts, but his attempt is regarded as ingenious rather than convincing. These songs, which were discovered and first brought to the notice of European scholars in 1643 by Brynjólf Sveinsson, Bishop of Skalholt, in Iceland, were incorrectly supposed by him to be the work of Sæmund the Wise (1055-1132). His application to them of the name Edda is also improper, as that title, which probably means poetic guide, belongs only to the prose work. The etymology of the word that connects it with great-grandmother is no longer taken seriously. The unique MS. in which the Elder Edda is contained is called the Codex Regius, and is lodged in the Royal Library at Copenhagen. A splendid lithographic facsimile edition, with a diplomatic text, was issued in 1891 under the editorship of Wimmer and Jónsson. A facsimile of a fragment of another MS. of the Edda was published five years later by Jónsson. The collection was first published entire at Stockholm in 1818 by A. A. Afzelius, and at Copenhagen by the Arna-Magnæan Commission in 1777-1828, with a Latin translation, glossaries, etc. Complete editions were also published by Munch (1847), Lüning (1859), Möbius (1860), and Svend Grundtvig (1867). But all former editions have been superseded by that of Sophus Bugge (1867). Hildebrand's edition (1876) is accompanied by a valuable glossary by H. Gering (2d ed. 1896). In German, the best rendering is Simrock's.

Both Ettmüller

and the brothers Grimm have translated portions. The latest German version is H. Gering's (1892). A Danish rendering of the mythical lays by Karl Gjellerup was issued in an illustrated edition in 1895. The standard Danish translation is Müller's (1871). There is a French rendering by E. de Laveleye (1866). The earliest English translation is Cottle's (1767). A complete English translation by Ben Thorpe was published in 1866. Several of the lays are translated by R. B. Anderson, in his Northern Mythology (1875). In the Corpus Poeticum an English rendering is given by F. Yorke Powell, in which the arrangement of Vigfússon's text is followed.

For a discussion of the question of the possible non-Scandinavian origin of the Elder Edda, consult Bugge, Home of the Eddic Lays, translated by Schofield (London, 1899). See, also,

SCANDINAVIAN AND TEUTONIC MYTHOLOGY.

ED'DOES. See Cocco.

ED'DY, CLARENCE (1851-). An American organist and composer, born at Greenfield, Mass. He studied under Dudley Buck in Hartford, counterpoint under Haupt, and piano under Loeschhorn in Berlin. In 1894 he was made organist of the First Congregational Church in Chicago, where he had been director of the Hershey School of Musical Art since 1876. Mr. Eddy's series of 100 organ recitals, with entirely different programmes, given in 1877-79, is one of the most memorable achievements in the history of American music. He has composed organ music, translated Haupt's Counterpoint, Fugue, and Double Counterpoint (1876), and published The Church and Concert Organist (1882-85), The Organ in Church (1887), etc.

EDDY, HENRY TURNER (1844-). An American scientist, born at Stoughton, Mass. He

was educated at Yale University and Sheffield Scientific School, and later took a further scientific course in Berlin and Paris. After holding a professorship in mathematics, astronomy, and civil engineering at the University of Cincinnati (1874-90), and acting as dean of the academic faculty of that institution (1874-77, 1884-89), he became its president in 1890. He was also president of the Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Ind., from 1891 to 1894, when he accepted the chair of engineering and mechanics at the University of Minnesota. His works include: Analytical Geometry (1874); Researches in Graphical Statics (1878); Thermodynamics (1879); Neue Constructionen aus der graphischen Statik (1880); and Maximum Stresses Under Concentrated Loads (1890).

EDDY, MARY BAKER GLOVER (c.1822-). The founder of the Christian Scientist denomination. She was born at Bow, near Concord, N. H. When a comparatively young woman, she removed to the South and married Col. George W. Glover, of Charleston, S. C., with whom she lived in that city. In 1877 she married Dr. Asa G. Eddy. Mrs. Eddy gives 1866 as the date of her discovery of Christian Science. She founded the first Christian Science Church at Boston in 1879, and opened the Massachusetts Metaphysical College

there in 1881.

She frequently appeared upon the lecture platform, and wrote much for the Christian Science publications, but is most widely known as the author of Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures. The first edition of this work was published in 1875, and since then it has been reprinted, with various modifications in its wording, to the number of more than a quarter of a million copies. It sets forth the Christian Scientists' interpretation of the Holy Scriptures and their understanding of the religion of Christ. Christian Scientists believe that living in moral and spiritual condition of its adherents, strict accord with its teaching will improve the and consequently their physical condition. Some of Mrs. Eddy's other publications are: People's Idea of God (1886); Christian Healing (1886); Retrospection and Introspection (1891); Unity of Good (1891); Rudimental Divine Science (1891); No and Yes (1891); Manual (1895); Miscellaneous Writings (1896); Christ and Christmas (1897); Christian Science versus Pantheism (1898); Pulpit and Press (1898); and Message to the Mother Church (1900, 1901, 1902). See CHRISTIAN SCIENCE.

EDDY, RICHARD (1828—). An American Universalist clergyman. He was born at Providence, R. I., June 21, 1828. He entered the ministry in 1821. During the Civil War he was chaplain of the Sixtieth New York Volunteers, and has written a history of the regiment. Since 1877 he has been president of the Universalist Historical Society, and since 1887 editor of the Universalist Register. He has published: History of Universalism in America, 1636-1886 (1884-86); Alcohol in History (1887); Universalism in Gloucester, Mass. (1892); History of Universalism, A.D. 120-1890 (1894); Life of Thomas J. Sawyer, D.D., and Caroline M. Sawyer (1900).

EDDY CURRENTS. See FOUCAULT CURRENTS.

ED'DYSTONE. See LIGHTHOUSE.

EDELFELT, a'del-felt, ALBERT GUSTAV ARISTED (1854—). A Finnish painter, born at Helsingfors. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, and then under Gérôme in Paris. His work includes studies of the life and scenery in his native country; two of these are in the Luxembourg, "Divine Service on the Sea shore" (1882), and "A December Day in Finland." He is also known as a water-color and pastel artist. He received a second-class medal in 1882.

EDELMANN, a'del-mån, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1698-1767). A German rationalist, born at Weissenfels. He studied theology at the University of Jena, resided for a time with Count Zinzendorf at Herrnhut, and participated in the translation of the Berleburg Bible. Soon after he turned weaver, donned a Mennonist smockfrock, and continued authorship only at the request and with the support of interested friends. Having come to Neuwied, he was there compelled by the Count to draw up a confession of faith; and when this was printed, without his consent and in a garbled version, he retorted by publishing the true copy with annotations as an Abgenötigtes, jedoch andern nicht wieder aufgenötigtes Glaubensbekenntnis (1746). Persecuted as a free-thinker, he fled to Altona, where he lived in concealment, not venturing into Hamburg by day for fear of the derision of the workmen from the cordage factories. In 1749 he went to Berlin, where Frederick II., though forbidding him to publish further, tolerated him, on the ground, it is said, that fools had to be endured. He was described as a choleric and laborious person. He was among the first German opponents of positive religion, which he denounced as superstition. His views were not new, but were proclaimed with a blasphemous emphasis which attracted brief attention. Among his other works are Moses mit aufgedecktem Angesicht (1740), and Die Göttlichkeit der Vernunft (1742). An autobiography, edited by Klose, appeared in Berlin in 1849.

EDELWEISS, a'del-vis (Ger., noble white, from edel, noble + weiss, white), Leontopodium alpinum. An alpine perennial woolly plant of the composite family, found in Switzerland, the Tyrol, Carinthia, Alpine Austria, and Siberia. It bears heads of flowers surrounded by woolly bracts and sage-green leaves. It is famous, not for its beauty, but because of its scarcity, and the difficulty of obtaining it in its elevated haunts, and is so rare in Switzerland that several cantons protect it by law. It is readily cultivated in gardens in America and Europe. In Swiss poetry and legend it plays a prominent part. EDEMA. See EDEMA.

E'DEN (Heb., ‘eden, delight). According to the biblical account, the first residence of man. On the supposition that the narrative in Genesis describes a real country, endless views have been brought forward in regard to the situation of Eden. Josephus and several of the Fathers conceived that Eden was a term denoting the entire region between the Ganges and Nile. Calvin, Huet, Bockart, Wells, and others, have, with slight differences of detail, decided in favor of Kornah in Babylonia, not far from the Persian Gulf: Reland, Calmet, Hales, Faber, J. Pye Smith, in favor of Armenia, near the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates; Le Clerc,

in favor of the region near Damascus, while even Australia and the North Pole have been advocated. The description in Genesis (ch. ii.) points unquestionably to southern Babylonia. but the geographical notions of the writer are confused, and he has complicated his description of Eden by introducing mythological conceptions, found among other peoples, of a great river which forms the source of all the larger streams. He knows of four such streams, the Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon, and Pishon. He is well acquainted with the first two, but has only hazy notions of the latter. It is quite likely that he intended the Gihon for the Nile, as Josephus already has it (Ant. i. 1-3), and if it be recalled that many centuries later Arabic geographers supposed the Nile to have its rise in India, it is not strange to find a writer of the seventh century B.C. placing the source of the Nile in Babylonia. The Pishon, which encompasses' the land of Havilah, i.e. southern Arabia, may be after all, as seems most natural, the Arabian Sea; and since the Persian Gulf is in cuneiform inscriptions called a 'river,' it is not improbable that a writer who had only heard of southern Arabia should call the body of water flowing around it a river. However that may be, the original habitat of man for the biblical writer is in the same region in which mankind dwells before the dispersion. It has been supposed that Edinnu was the 'Sumerian' name of the plain of Babylon, but this is doubtful, though the identification of Eden with Edinnu may be admitted. Of the vast literature on Eden, but little is of value at present. It will be sufficient to refer to Delitzsch's work Wo lag das Paradies? (1881), although his theory of the identification of Gihon and Pishon with two of the canals of See also the ComBabylonia is not tenable. mentaries on Genesis by Dillmann, Holzinger, Strack, and more particularly that of Gunkel (1900).

EDEN. The name of an American town in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit. From speculators in the East, young Martin and Mark Tapley buy land in Eden, which is represented to them as a flourishing business centre. When they reach it, however, they find only a malarious swamp.

EDEN, GEORGE. See AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF.

EDEN, Sir ROBERT (1741-84). An English

baronet, the last proprietary Governor of Mary

land. He was the second son of Robert Eden, of Winderstone Hall, Durham. The eldest brother inherited the baronetcy and seat in Parliament; two brothers raised themselves to the peerage as Lord Auckland and Lord Henley; another became auditor of Greenwich Hospital, and was the father of an admiral and a lieutenant-general, and a sister married Archbishop Moore, of Canterbury. Before he was sixteen, Robert obtained a commission in the Royal Regiment of Artillery: in 1758 he was raised from cadet to ensign in the Coldstream Guards, and in 1762 he was promoted captain. He served in Germany during the Seven Years' War, and soon after returning to England married the sister of Frederick, the sixth and last Lord Baltimore. His appointment as Governor of Maryland in 1768 was due to his family connection; but after his arrival in June, 1769, he displayed tact and ability in the stormy times which he came upon, and endeared

himself to the people by his prudence and kindliness. The most serious controversy in which he held out against the people was that over the fees of public officers. In a proclamation of November 24, 1770, he asserted that it was his prerogative to settle such fees, and although he maintained his position until the institution of the Provisional Government, the colonists blamed only his advisers without becoming embittered against him. The death of Lord Baltimore in September, 1771, undermined the Proprietary Government, for the loyalty of the colonists did not extend to the illegitimate son, Henry Harford, who became the next proprietary, and during the absence of their Governor, who went home to act as an executor of his brother-in-law's estate, great advances were made toward independence. He remained in the colony until June 23, 1776, when, Maryland having definitely committed herself to the principles of the Revolution, and having virtually declared the Proprietary Government at an end, he embarked on a British war-vessel. During his term as Governor he had assumed the rôle of apologist for the colony, and had believed in its loyalty to the end. He re turned to Maryland in 1784, and died in Annapolis, on September 2d of that year. Consult: Steiner, "Life and Administration of Sir Robert Eden," in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Sixteenth Series, Nos. vii.-ix. (Baltimore, 1898).

EDEN, WILLIAM. See AUCKLAND, BARON. EDEN HALL, LUCK OF. See LUCK OF EDEN HALL.

E'DENTATA, or BRUTA (Lat. nom. pl., toothless, from e, out + dens, tooth). An order of Mammalia, established by Cuvier, who remarked that, although brought together by a purely negative character, the Edentata have, nevertheless, some positive mutual relations, particularly in the great claws which approximate to the nature of hoofs; also in a certain slowness or want of agility, obviously arising from the peculiar organization of their limbs. He included among them, however, the monotremes, now entirely separated. The ant-eaters and pangolins are the only Edentata that are absolutely destitute of teeth; but none of the order have any teeth in the fore part of their jaws, and their teeth are comparatively imperfect in structure, being destitute of enamel and distinct roots; they grow from a distinct pulp, are all alike, and (except in Tatusia) are not preceded by a set of milk teeth. The sloths alone subsist on vegetable food, the rest chiefly on insects or on animal substances in a decaying state. The Edentata form one of the smallest orders of mammals; its headquarters are in South America, but some species are found in Africa and southern Asia. All are clothed with coarse hair, which in the sloths and ant-eaters completely covers the body; in the pangolins is united into overlapping plates or scales; and in the armadillos is very sparsely scattered over the body, which is otherwise protected by dermal plates. The Edentata are generally ranked as the lowest of the placental mammals, not merely because of the condition of the teeth, but because the brain is small and poorly developed, the cerebrum not nearly covering the cerebellum, and being perfectly smooth. The order is generally grouped in five tribes or suborders, the sloths (Tardigrada), which are

EDENTATA.

characteristic of South America; the pangolins (Squamata), found only in Asia and Africa; the armadillos (Loricata), found from Texas southward in America; the true ant-eaters (Vermilinguia), found only in South America; and the aard-varks (Fodientia), found only in South Africa. No living Edentata are known in Europe. Consult: Rapp, Anatomie Untersuchungen über die Edentata (2d ed., Berlin, 1852); Flower, "Mutual Affinities of the Edentata,” in Proceedings Zoological Society of London (London, 1882); Thomas, "A Milk Dentition in Orycteropus," in Proceedings Royal Society of London, vol. xlvii. (London, 1890); Beddard, Mammalia (London, 1902); also authorities referred to under the various groups, as SLOTH, etc. See Plate of ANT-EATERS.

FOSSIL EDENTATA. Remains of fossil edentates have been found rarely in the Tertiaries of Europe and Africa. The centre of greatest development seems to have been South America, during ancient times as well as at present, though some imperfectly known forms, more nearly like the normal mammals in dentition, having incisor teeth on both jaws and the normal premolar and molar teeth, have been discovered in the Eocene deposits of North America. The paleontologic evidence does not support the hypothesis that the edentates represent primitive forms of mammals, but it does show that they have been derived by regressive evolution from higher normal eutherian types, and that they constitute a degenerate series of mammals, the exact origin of which is, however, unknown. See DEGENERATION AS A FACTOR IN EVOLUTION; and EXTINCTION OF SPECIES.

No fossil form of the sloths (family Bradypodidae) or ant-eaters (Myrmecophagidae) have been found, but an extinct family (Megatheriida) presents characters intermediate between these two modern groups. They were mostly mammals of gigantic size, such as Megatherium, Mylodon (qq.v.), Scelidotherium, and Megalonyx, the remains of which are found commonly in the Pleistocene deposits of South America, and occasionally in the Pleistocene cave deposits of North America, as far north as Kentucky. The armored edentates, such as the armadillos and glyptodonts, are connected with the megatheriums through Megalonyx, which has ossified plates imbedded in its skin. These isolated plates became united into transverse rows in the armadillos and into a solid carapace in the glyptodonts. The gigantic glyptodon (q.v.) and the allied Dædicurus, from the Pleistocene beds of Argentina, have the body inclosed in a solid massive carapace made of polygonal bony plates that are firmly soldered together in the adult animals, but loosely joined in the young individuals. The tail also is covered by heavy plates. The total length of the skeleton varies from twelve to twenty feet. Armadillos with movable transverse rows of dermal plates are found fossil in the Tertiary deposits of Patagonia, and the earliest forms show no close points of relationship with the glyptodonts. The genera are Chlamydotherium. Dasypus, Eutatus, and Proëutatus, of which the first mentioned attained the bulk of a rhinoceros. Compare GANODONTA.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. S. Woodward, Outlines of Vertebrate Paleontology (Cambridge, 1898); Nicholson and Lydekker, Manual of Paleontology (Edinburgh, 1889); Ameghino, Enumération