See COURT; LAW MERCHANT; PIEPOWDER; DUTCH GUIANA. See GUIANA. DUŚYANTA, dōō-shyän'tå. In Kalidasa's drama Sakuntala, the husband of the heroine. He is of the lunar race, a descendant of Paru, and father of Bharata. DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY. A trading company composed of smaller companies which were united in 1602. Its privileges included a monopoly of trade beyond the Cape of Good Hope and the Strait of Magellan, and the power of making treaties, maintaining military forces, and founding forts. Batavia, in Java, became the capital of the Dutch East Indies in 1619. During the seventeenth century the company was very powerful in the Indian Archipelago and in South Africa. Its existence was terminated in 1795. See EAST INDIA COMPANY. DUTCH EAST INDIES. A name applied to the Dutch possessions in the Malay Archipelago lying between latitudes 6° N. and 11 S., and between longitudes 95° and 141° E. (Map: Australasia, D 3). They comprise the following islands and groups: Riau Lingga Archipelago Area: Population 28,746,638 421,090 142,426 804,299 Atjeh (Achin) 20,549 16,378 86,186 106,305 43,386 413,067 716,822 1,436,000 DUTCH LANGUAGE. Dutch is the language of the inhabitants of the Netherlands and, in a strongly marked dialectic form, of the Boers in South Africa. It was also in general use in and about New York long after the cession of the province to the English. The name Dutch is derived from Dietsch, meaning the vernacular, as distinguished from Latin. It is the same word as the German Deutsch, with which it is sometimes confounded, as in Pennsylvania Dutch and in the ordinary speech of uneducated persons. The Dutch themselves call their language Nederlandsch, while in German it is called Holländisch. Dutch belongs to the Low Frankish division of the Low German, and is very closely related to the Flemish, with which it is now practically identical in its written form. Like main periods: (1) Old Dutch, extending to about English, the language may be divided into three 1100. The only important monument of this period that has been preserved is a translation of the Psalter. (2) Middle Dutch, from 1100 to 1550. The language during this period suffered similar changes in sounds and inflections to those that can be observed in the contemporary English. As in English, no standard Dec. 31, 1900 written form of the language was at first recog nized, but each writer used his own dialect. In the thirteenth century a determined effort was made to assert the claims of a literary Dutch, the leader in the movement being Jacob van Maerlant (1235-1300). But in spite of all ef forts the use of individual dialects continued. (3) Modern Dutch extends from 1550 to the present day. The most important single event in the history of the language during this period was the publication (1619-37) of the Statenbijbel, the authorized version of the Scriptures, which did much to spread the use of this form of Dutch in the Low Countries. The effect of this translation was similar to that of Luther's version upon High German, in establishing a standard of language and orthography that was generally recognized as authoritative. During the eighteenth century the efforts to purify the language were carried to an absurd extent, and it therefore suffered greatly from the mistaken zeal of its users. During the nineteenth century a saner view of the spirit, based upon a more intelligent study of grammar and philology, has given greater freedom of expression. During the past forty years efforts have been made to reform the orthography and to effect uniformity of usage in Holland and Belgium, the present system having been adopted in Belgium 583.000 410,190 742,000 1,041,696 240,000 37,734,000 The population figures are in many cases based on conjecture, as very little is known about a large portion of the archipelago. The European population numbered 75,800, mostly Dutch; about 537.000 were Chinese, 27,000 Arabs, and 17,000 other Orientals. The government is administered by a Governor-General appointed by the Crown, assisted by a council of five members, whose duties are partly legislative and partly advisory. The colony is divided into twenty-five residencies, of which some are under the direct supervision of Dutch residents, while others are under the rule of native chiefs advised by Dutch officials. The army consisted on Jan. 31, 1906, of 37,858 men, including 1259 officers and 12,164 Europeans, and the navy of 16 vessels and 3662 men. The capital is Batavia. Consult articles on separate islands and groups. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bemmelen and Hooyer, Guide to the Dutch East Indies (London, 1897); Berg, The Financial and Economical Condition of Netherlands India (The Hague, 1895); ChailleyBert, La Hollande et les fonctionnaires des Indes Néerlandaises (Paris, 1893); Cool, With the Dutch in the East (London, 1897); Van der Lith and Spaan, Encyclopedie van Nederlandsch Indië (Leyden, 1895). in 1864 and in Holland in 1883. The Dutch language is in its structure practically the same as the other members of the Ger manic group of dialects. It belongs in its phonology to the Low German division, so that its consonants agree in general with the English (Dutch te, English to, German zu). Its orthog raphy is somewhat awkward, and does not represent the sounds of the language (e.g. oe=). In inflection and in syntax Dutch corresponds closely to German. It is written in the Roman alphabet, and coincides in the use of capitals almost exactly with English. The standard modern Dutch dictionary is Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, edited by de Vries and others (The Hague, 1864 et DUTCH LANGUAGE. seq.). The best etymological dictionary is Joh. Franck's (1884-92). For English students there are Bomboff's (Arnheim, 1877), and Calisch's (Leyden, 1890). Of grammars in English, may be mentioned Ahn's (London, 1887), and Hoogvliet's (The Hague, 1890). The best account of the language outside of Holland is Jan te Winkel's in Paul, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, vol. i. (2d ed. Strassburg, 1901). DUTCH LIQUID (so called as being first prepared by an association of Dutch chemists), or ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE. An oily substance obtained by mixing chlorine and olefiant gas. It acts as an anæsthetic, and has been shown to be safer than chloroform. Besides being very costly, however, it is liable to cause irritation of the throat, and is therefore not used and little known. DUTCH LITERATURE. The dawn of Dutch literature appears in the Middle Dutch sagas of Charlemagne and Arthur in the thirteenth century, adapted from the French epics, and obviously intended for the nobility. Such are Klaas van Haarlem's William of Orange (1191-1217); Dederic van Assenede's Floris and Blanchefleur (about 1250); an anonymous Roland Song, a Gawein, and a Lancelot of the Lake. Reynard the Fox was also done into Dutch about 1250. (See, also, MAERLANT.) The Dutch hymns of the thirteenth century are perfunctory, but there are folk-songs and historical ballads of the fourteenth century of some merit. The general tendency in the first half of this century, here as in France, was toward commercial democracy. This appears in Maerlant (q.v.) and in his chief disciple, the moral chronicler Boendale (1280-1365), in Weert (died 1362), and Melis Stoke. With 1350 there is an aristocratic reaction, apparent before in the epics of Jan van Heelu and Hein van Aken (c.1255-1330); but this movement expires in the early fifteenth century with Dirk Potter's Course of Love. Meantime prose romance was cultivated for the vulgar, the Old Testament was translated about 1300, a Life of Jesus, the Gospel story popularly rendered; and the drama, sacred and semiprofane, shows characteristic traces of the Dutch genius for low comedy. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries literature in the Netherlands was dominated by the literary guilds, as burgher in tone as were the Meistersingers (q.v.). These, by public festivals, popular dramas, and social influence, made literature at once democratic and conservative. A new spirit came from the renascence of classical learning in which Dirck Coornhert (1522-90) and Houwaert (1533-99) led, and Cornelis van Ghistele (fl. 1555-83) followed, but with less effect on letters than was exerted by the Reformation, through translations of the Psalms (1540, 1566, 1567) and hymns (1562 and 1569), and most of all by the battle-songs of liberty and bitter political scorn of the Geusen Lieden Boecken (1588). The stylistic reformers of this period were the Catholic Anna Bijns (1494-1567?) and the Protestant van Marnix (1538-98). From the close of the sixteenth century Amsterdam becomes the literary centre, for here only is thought free. Humanism is fostered by Hendrik Spiegel (1549-1612) and Roemer Visscher (1545-1620), and by the Latin scholars 551 DUTCH LITERATURE. Grotius, Drusius, and Vossius. In the next generation the beautiful and accomplished daughters of Visscher, Anna (1584-1651) and Tesselschade (1594-1649), poets both, were the friends, admirers, and critics of the poets of the Dutch Augustan age, Vondel (q.v.), Hooft, Huygens (q.v.). In their salon the comedies of Bredero and his rival Coster, afterwards a diligent cultivator of the dramatic shudder, were first discussed, and here Starter (born 1594), an emigrant from England, introduced to the Netherlands the Elizabethan lyric (1612-14). (q.v., 1577-1660) escaped at Middelburg the Visschers' genial influence; nor is it to be found in the Amsterdamer Bekker (1634-98), the most philosophical of writers in Dutch. Cats The immediate pupils of the classical generation were the dramatists Vos (died 1667), Brandt (1626-85), van der Goes (1647-84), and Oudaen (1628-92), the epic poet Anslo (162669), the didactic Dekker (1610-66), Vollenhove (1631-1708), the lyric Luiken (1649-1708), and Jonetijs (1600-52). Fiction was cultivated by Hermskerk, who emulated Urfé in his Batavian Arcadia (1637), and was himself imitated by Zoeteboom (Zaanlandsche Arcadia, 1658) and Bos (Dortsche Arcadia, 1662), while Heinsius (q.v.) preferred to imitate Le Sage (Mirandor, 1675). Drama by 1700 was completely Gallicized and insignificant, and lyric poetry rapidly declined. Prose is the normal vehicle of the eighteenth century thought. Here the first conspicuous fig. ure is van Effen, with his Hollandsche Spectator (1731-35), and the next ones the ladies Betjen Wolff (1728-1804) and Aagjen Deken (1741-1804), who in 1780 issued Letters on Diverse Subjects, and followed this with three novels unrivaled in Dutch literature (Sara Burgerhart, 1782; Willem Leevend, 1785; Cornelia Wildschut, 1792). The first signs of the contagion of German romanticism appear in Nieuwland (1764-94), but more obviously and effectively in Bilderdijk (q.v.), though he affected to scorn it as he did Shakespeare. Feith (q.v.) showed himself an avowed disciple of Goethe, and Simons (17551812) of Klopstock, though Dutch realism was not without its protesting witnesses in Perponcher (1741-1819) and van Zon (Bruno Dallberg, 1758-1818). More national in his expression of romanticism is Loosjes (1761-1818), a novelist who continues the good tradition of Mesdames Wolff and Deken. Nationally romantic, too, are the poets Tollens (q.v., 1780-1856), Messchert (1790-1844), and Bogaers (17951870), whose Jochebed (1835), Voyage of Heemskerk to Gibraltar (1836), and Romances and Ballads (1846) are probably the most significant Dutch poetry of his generation. Nameworthy, too, are the songs in lighter vein of Antoni Staring (1767-1840). Since the middle of the century the achievements of Dutch scholars, especially in theology and history. deserve special recognition. The most striking novelists are Lennep (q.v.), E. D. Dekker (q.v.), and Maartens (q.v.); the best essayist, Hasebroek; noteworthy poets, Potgieter (1808-75), Nikolaas Beets (1814-1903), Pieter Genestet (1830-61), Da Costa (1798-1860), Alberdingk Thigm (1820-89), Ten Kate (1819-89), Vosmaer (1826-88), Emants (born 1848), and Louis Couperus (born 1863). Among critics are Reinier van den Brink (1810-65), Jan ten Brink, Jonckbloet, and Huet. J. ten Brink has written a serviceable Kleine Geschiedenis der Nederlandischen Letteren (1877); Dr. Jonckbloet, a Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (2d ed., 1873); and van Vloten, a Schets van de Geschiedenis der Nederlandschen Letteren (1879). Consult: Mone, Uebersicht der niederländischen Volkslitteratur älterer Zeit (Tübingen, 1838); Hellwald, Geschichte der niederländischen Litteratur (Leipzig, 1887); Kalft, Geschildenis der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (Groningen, 1906). DUTCHMAN'S-BREECHES. See DICENTRA and Plate of Bloodroot, in article SANGUINARIA. DUTCHMAN'S-PIPE. See ARISTOLOCHIA. DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH. FORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA. See RE DUTCH RUSH. See EQUISETUM. DUTCH SCHOOL OF PAINTING. See NETHERLANDS SCHOOLS OF PAINTING. DUTCH VERSION. See BIBLE. DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY. A trading company established in 1621, to which was granted monopoly of trade on portions of the American and African coasts, with the right of colonizing and maintaining military and naval forces, with which it plundered the Spanish and Portuguese settlements. It established the Dutch colonies of Brazil, New Netherlands, Guiana, the West Indies, and the Gold Coast. After its dissolution in 1674 a new company was formed which lasted until 1791. DUTENS, du'tän', LOUIS (1730-1812). A French miscellaneous writer, born at Tours. His riper culture was gained while a tutor in England, where he passed the greater part of his life, though frequently engaged diplomatically (he was thrice chargé d'affaires at Turin), and in travel. He took Anglican orders and obtained a living of £800 and a pension. Mackenzie, the English Minister at Turin, left him £15,000. He devoted his affluent leisure to Recherches sur l'origine des découvertes attribuées aux modernes (1766), to an Appel au bon sens (1777), against the French 'philosophic' vagaries of the time, and to Considérations théologiques sur les moyens de réunir toutes les églises chrétiennes (1798), with many archæological treatises, and three volumes of anecdotal Mémoires d'un voyageur qui se repose (1806). His most valuable service to letters was a collection and scholarly edition of the Works of Leibnitz (6 vols., Geneva, 1769). DUTERTRE, du'târ'tr', JEAN BAPTISTE (161087). A French Dominican missionary, born at Calais. For seventeen years he lived among the islands of the French West Indies, and he described them and their history in a Histoire des Antilles habituées par les Français (166771). DUTIES. See CUSTOMS DUTIES. DUTROCHET, dy'tro'sha', RENÉ JOACHIM HENRI (1776-1847). An eminent French physiologist. In 1808 he was appointed by Joseph Bonaparte head physician to the military hospital at Burgos, Spain, then devastated by typhus fever. He returned to France, however, in the following year, and gave himself up exclusively to the study of physics and physiology. In 1831 he became a member of the Institute. The results of his researches are contained in his Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire anatomique et physiologique des végétaux et des animaux (1837). DUTT, dặt, ToBU (185677). A Hindu poet, born in Calcutta. From 1869 to 1873 she studied in Europe. She translated into English the Vishnupurana, and wrote original verse in Hindustani, French, and English. Her first volume was 4 Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields (1876). Her Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan (with Memoir by Edmund Gosse) appeared in 1882. He DUTTON, CLARENCE EDWARD (1841-). An American geologist and soldier, born at Wallingford, Conn., and educated at Yale, where he graduated in 1860. He was an officer in the volunteer forces during the Civil War, after which he began the study of geology, and in 1875 was detailed to assist in Major John W. Powell's survey of the Rocky Mountains. was connected with the United States Geological Survey in 1880-91, and in 1887 was put in charge of the division of volcanic geology and seismology. He was promoted to the rank of major in the army in 1890. In 1884 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. His publications include: High Plateaus of Utah (1880); Tertiary History of the Grand Cañon District (1882); Hawaiian Volcanoes (1884); Mount Taylor and the Zuñi Plateau (1886); The Charleston Earthquake of 1886 (1889); Earth-· quakes in the Light of the New Seismology (1904). DUTTON, HENRY (1796-1869). An American jurist. He was born in Plymouth, Conn.. and graduated in 1818 at Yale, where he was for many years professor of law. He was Governor of Connecticut in 1854-55; and from 1861 to 1866 was judge of the Superior Court and of the Supreme Court of Errors. He published an analytical digest of the Connecticut Reports in 1833, was a member of the committees of 1849 and 1866 appointed by the Legislature to revise the statutes of the State, and in 1854 was chairman of a committee which compiled the State statutes. DUTY OF WATER. The ratio between a given quantity of water used in irrigation and the area of the crop to which it is applied. See IRRIGATION. rectly duoriri, from duo, two + vir, man). A committee of two; a general term in Roman administration, applicable to several different functions. Most important was the function of duoviri iure dicundo, or "duumvirs with judiciary powers," the chief officers of many municipal towns. Every fifth year the duumviri exercised special censorial powers, and were called duoviri quinquennales. In Rome there were duoviri sacrorum in charge of the Sibylline books, and duoviri navales, for the recruiting of the navy, etc. DUUM'VIRS (Lat. duumviri or more cor DUVAL, du'vȧl', ALEXANDRE (1767-1842). A French dramatist, born at Rennes. In his youth he was by turn sailor, engineer, actor, and finally director of the Odéon and member of the Academy (1812). As dramatist, he is considered a good painter of the life of his time. A collection of his plays is included in his Œuvres (1822-25). Besides his plays he wrote a romance, DUVAL. Le misanthrope du Marais (1832); De la littérature dramatique (1833), a critical study; and Le théâtre français depuis cinquante ans (1838). DUVAL, AMAURY (1760-1838). A French archæologist, brother of the preceding, born at Rennes. 553 Rouen. He was secretary of the French Legation at Rome, and upon his return to Paris was made a member of the Institute (1811), and of the Academy of Inscriptions (1816). His principal works are: Des sépultures chez les anciens et les modernes (1801); Précis de la méthode d'éducation de Pestalozzi (1804); Monuments des arts du dessin chez les peuples tant anciens que modernes (1829). DUVAL, CLAUDE () Here lies Du Vall: Reader, if male thou art, a DUVERNOY. man made influential enemies, and was imprisoned by Richelieu at Vincennes in 1638. After Richelieu's death he was released. See JANSENISM. DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, PROSPER (1798-1881). at A French publicist, born He was the son of Jean Marie Duvergier de Hauranne, a publicist and of politics, and while still young collaborated on the Globe, and with Rossi and Guizot later on the Revue Française. As Deputy from Sancerre he supported the views of CasimirPérier and Thiers, and became greatly opposed to the policy of his old friend Guizot. In 1848 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Assembly, and his Royalist opinions caused him to be arrested and exiled in the coup d'état that followed. In 1852 he returned to France and wrote his Histoire du gouvernement parlementaire en France de 1814 à 1848 (1857-1873). For this and other writings he was elected a member of the Academy (1870). Six years afterwards he entered the Senate, but his interest in public affairs had declined, and he soon retired permanently. His articles contributed from time to time to the Revue des Deux Mondes are among the most important of his publications. DUVERNEY, dựvarna, GUICHARD JOSEPH (1648-1730). A French anatomist, born at Feurs (Loire). His notably successful lectures on Consult Smith, Lives of the Highwaymen (Lon- anatomy in the hall of Saint Côme in Paris se don, 1720). DUVAL, MATTHIAS (1844-). A French physician and physiologist. He was born at Grasse (Alpes Maritimes), and was educated at Strassburg, where he directed the ambulance service during the siege of 1870. Subsequently he joined the army of Bourbaki as chief of the medical staff. He was made professor of anatomy at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, director of the anthropological laboratory of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in 1880, and professor of histology and director of the Anthropological Institute in 1887. His more important publications (chiefly researches in anatomy and embryology) include: Cours de physiologie (translated by E. Kuess, as A Course of Lectures in Physiology, 1876); Précis de technique microscopique et histologique (1878); Manuel du microscope (with Lereboullet, 1873); Manuel de l'anatomie (with Morel); Atlas d'embryologie (1889); and Eléments d'histologie (1896). DUVENECK, dū've-něk, FRANK (1848-). An American painter and etcher. He was born at Covington, Ky., and studied in Munich, Germany, under Dietz, where he also practiced, and was active as a teacher. Afterwards he resided in Venice, for a time in Boston, and after 1881 at Florence. Among his paintings are "A Circassian" (1875), a portrait of Charles Dudley Warner (1877), and "The Professor" (1878). At the St. Louis Exposition in 1904 he exhibited a portrait of his mother and "The Yacht Harbor." DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, du'vâr'zhya' de o'rȧn', JEAN (1581-1643). A French theologian. He was born in Bayonne; studied at Louvain, where Jansen was his fellow-student, and in 1620 was made Abbot of Saint Cyran. In Paris he formed a connection with the influential Arnauld family, and together with Angélique Arnauld, directress of the Convent of Port Royal, he completely reformed that institution. He cured for him an appointment in 1679 to the professorship of anatomy at the Jardin du Roi. Perhaps no other Frenchman since Riofan did so much to advance the interests of the science, especially as regards his researches on the physiology of sight and on the relation between the external and the internal ear, as embodied in his work entitled Traité de l'organe de l'ouie (1683; frequently reprinted). DUVERNOIS, du'var'nwä', CLÉMENT (183679). A French journalist and editor, born in Paris. He wrote considerably for various newspapers-La Liberté, Le Courrier de Paris, L'Epoque, and others. In 1868 he founded and became editor of Le Peuple (from 1869 Le Peuple Français), a journal inspired by Napoleon III., subsidized by Government funds, sold cheaply, and made an important agency in strengthening the cause of the Empire among the masses. He was in 1869 elected a Deputy from Hautes-Alpes in the Corps Législatif. In 1870 he moved a vote of lack of confidence in the Ollivier Cabinet, thereupon succeeded by the Palikao Ministry, in which he assumed the portfolio of Commerce and Agriculture. After the Revolution of the Fourth of September, he withdrew to England, but returned in 1871 and founded L'Ordre, an Imperialistic sheet, conducted after the fashion of Le Peuple. The failure for large amounts of the Territorial Bank of Spain, of which he was a director, brought upon him two years' imprisonment for fraud. He published several works on contemporary politics. DUVERNOY, du'var'nwä', GEORGES LOUIS (1777-1855). A French naturalist. He was invited by Cuvier to assist him in his work on comparative anatomy, and edited the last three volumes of Cuvier's Leçons d'anatomie comparée. After practicing medicine for twenty years, he was chosen professor of natural history at Stråssburg in 1827, and from 1837 until his death was a professor in the Collège de France, first of natural history and afterwards of comparative anatomy. DUVEYRIER, du'vâ'ryâ', HENRI (1840-92). A French explorer. He was born in Paris, studied geography and Arabic in Germany, and for a time was associated with the African traveler Heinrich Barth, in London. He subsequently returned to Paris, and devoted himself to the study of the natural sciences. He explored the northern Sahara, and finally penetrated to the centre of the Sudan. On his return he published Exploration du Sahara, vol. i.; Les Tuareg du Nord (1864); and received from the Société de Géographie in Paris its gold medal. DUX, duks (Bohemian Duchcov). A town of Bohemia, situated about 18 miles west-southwest of Aussig (Map: Austria, C 1). The castle of Count Waldstein contains a picture gallery, a library of some 24,000 volumes, and many relics of the owner's celebrated ancestor Wallenstein. The town has manufactures of glass, pottery, porcelain, and sugar. Population, in 1890 (commune), 10,141, mostly Germans; in 1900, 11,921. DUYCKINCK, di'kink, EVERT AUGUSTUS (1816-78). An American editor, born in New York City. He was educated at Columbia College; traveled in Europe, and made early contributions to periodicals. From 1840 to 1842 he edited, with Cornelius Mathews, the monthly Arcturus. From 1847 to 1853, with a year's break, he edited, with his brother George Long (1823-43), the Literary World, an important weekly review. In 1854-55, again with his brother, he prepared the two volumes of the well-known Cyclopædia of American Literature, a most useful publication. A full list of his voluminous biographical works and of his literary compilations is unnecessary, but a few titles may be given: Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith (1856); History of the War for the Union (186165); Poems Relating to the American Revolution (1865); Poems of Philip Freneau (1865); National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans (1866). DUYCKINCK, GEORGE LONG (1823-63). An American editor and author, born in New York City. He graduated at the University of New York in 1843; was admitted to the bar, but never practiced the law, and was associated with his brother (E. A. Duyckinek) in the preparation of The Cyclopædia of American Literature (2 vols., 1855). His strong interest in all that pertained to the Protestant Episcopal Church induced him to undertake a series of biographies of English clergymen of that denomination. The volumes treat of George Herbert (1858), Thomas Ken (1859). Jeremy Taylor (1860), Hugh Latimer (1861). A DUYSE, doi'ze, PRUDENS VAN (1804-59). Flemish poet, born at Dendermonde. He served as archivist in his native town, and afterwards at Ghent; was a member of many learned societies in Belgium and France, and contributed greatly to the revival of Flemish literature, both by his poems and dramas, and by studies in the history and literature of Flanders. He was less remarkable for genius than for fertility, though several of his productions in both prose and poetry obtained prizes from literary societies. His more important poetical publications, issued at various dates from 1836 to 1859, are: Vaderlandsche Poëzy (Patriotic Poetry); Natalia (Birthday Poetry); Elegiën; Gedichtjes voor Kinderen (Poetry for Children); Het Klaverblad (The Cloverleaf) and Nieuwe Kindergedichtjes (New Poems for Children). DVINA, dvě-nä’. An important river of northern Russia, formed by the union of the Sukhona and the Jug, at the town of Veliki Ustug, Government of Vologda (Map: Russia, F 2). It flows northeast to its junction with the Vitchegda, and then, turning northwest, enters the White Sea by a wide estuary, about twentysix miles below Archangel. The length of the river is over 760 miles from the source of the Sukhona and over 1100 miles from the source of the Vitchegda. It is navigable from its junction with the Vitchegda, a distance of over 400 miles. The basin of the river has an area of over 140,000 square miles. The chief tributaries are the Vitchegda, which exceeds in the volume of its waters the upper course of the Dvina, the Pinega, and the Vaga. The Vitchegda, Jug, and Sukhona are navigated by steamers. The Dvina is connected by canals with the Volga and the Neva. DVOŘÁK, dvôrʼzhäk, ANTONIN (1841-1904). A famous Bohemian composer, born at Mühlhausen. He was to follow the occupation of his father, the butcher and innkeeper of the village, but, upon the advice of Dvořák's schoolmaster, his first teacher in singing and violin, he was sent, at the age of twelve, to Zlonitz to study the piano, organ, and theory of music, and, two years later, to Kamenitz, where he remained for a year with the organist Hancke. The result of his studies, a polka in orchestral score, at its first performance proved a failure: the young composer was innocent of the existence of transposing instruments, and the trumpets played a fourth higher than intended. In 1857, on his father's promise of a small allowance, he entered the organ school of the Society for Church Music at Prague. Shortly afterwards the meagre pittance was cut off, and the composer had to make a living by playing the viola in small bands and cafés, until, in 1862, the orches tra of which he was a member was engaged at the newly opened Bohemian Theatre in Prague, which in 1871 became the National Theatre. Here he became acquainted with Karl Bendl, and through him first obtained access to orchestral scores of Beethoven's compositions. The study of original scores induced him to try his hand in the larger forms, and he wrote symphonies, an opera, and chamber music, though his first important work to be heard, the cantata Die Erben des weissen Berges, was not given until 1873. Its success was quite out of the ordinary, and the Austrian Government, after a time, granted him, for his Sounds from Moravia, an annual stipend of $160, later increased to $240. The composer now heard Die Meistersinger, and set out to write a comic opera, The King and the Collier (1874). The score proved such an unproducible monstrosity that it had to be rewritten from the first bar to the last, and then it won quite a success (1875). About this time, through the offices of Hanslick and Brahms, the judges who had awarded him the stipend, Dvořák received an order from Simrock, of Berlin, and the resulting set of Slavonic Dances for pianoforte duets rivaled Brahms's Gypsy Danoes |