queror; but Macedonian gold had done its work, and Demosthenes, as incorruptible as he was eloquent, saw with despair that Philip was allowed to seize Thermopyla, the key of Greece, and become a member of the Amphictyonic League. The peace, concluded in B.C. 346, lasted for six years, during which Philip's incessant intrigues were exposed and denounced by Demosthenes in orations hardly less remarkable for their political wisdom than for their eloquence. The most important of these were the second and third Philippics, and the speeches on The False Embassy and The Affairs of the Chersonese. When Philip entered upon a fresh course of aggression (B.C. 340), and laid siege to Byzantium, he was baffled for a time through the assistance afforded by the Athenians to the besieged city at the instance of Demosthenes (B.C. 339). In B.C. 338, when Philip threw Athens into consternation by passing Thermopyla and seizing Elatea, Demosthenes brought about an alliance between his countrymen and Thebes. But the Macedonian phalanx proved invincible, and the battle of Charonea laid Greece prostrate at the feet of the King. Demosthenes pronounced the funeral oration over those who fell in the battle, and urged the Athenians to repair their walls against their enemy, contributing to the expense from his own purse. For these services Ctesiphon proposed that he be given a golden crown; whereupon Eschines, Demosthenes's lifelong opponent, attacked Ctesiphon with the charge of having made an illegal proposal. Demosthenes defended him (B.c. 330) in his oration On the Crown-essentially a review of his entire political career-which the almost unanimous verdict of critics has pronounced to be the most perfect masterpiece of oratory of ancient or modern times. Eschines was defeated and obliged to leave Athens, and spent the remainder of his life in exile. In B.C. 324 the enemies of Demosthenes brought about his conviction on a charge of having received bribes from Harpalus, the absconding treasurer of Alexander. Unable to pay the fine imposed, he was thrown into prison, but succeeded in escaping. The death of Alexander the Great in the following year was followed by the triumphant return of the orator, and he was again at the head of affairs. But the disastrous issue of the Lamian War, waged by the Greeks against Antipater, was fatal to Demosthenes. Once more the power of Macedon prevailed. The surrender of Demosthenes was demanded by the conquerors. Finding escape impossible, the orator sought an asylum in the temple of Poseidon, in the island of Calaurea. fore his pursuers overtook him he died (B.C. 322), as was generally believed, of poison administered by his own hand.

Be

The personal character of Demosthenes is one of the noblest. His bravery, the stainless purity of his public and private life, his splendid and disinterested, if blind, patriotism, and his services as a statesman and administrator, entitle him to a place among the noblest men of antiquity. As an orator he has been assigned the highest place by all critics since his own day. There have come down to us sixty speeches, six letters, a letter from Philip of Macedon, and a collection of introductions (pola). All the letters, introductions, and some of the speeches are regarded as spurious. The works are best edited by Bekker (1824), Sauppe (1843), and

by Dindorf-Blass (4th ed., 1889-92). Of the single speeches there are many special editions; of the oration On the Crown the best in English is by Goodwin (1901). There is a translation of the orations by Kennedy, in five volumes (London, 1853-63). On the life and art of Demosthenes, consult: Schäfer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit (Leipzig, 1885-87); Blass, Attische Beredsamkeit, vol. iii. (Leipzig, 1893).

DEMOSTHENES (?-B.C. 413). A conspicuous Athenian general in the Peloponnesian War. He was one of the commanders sent (B.C. 413) to reinforce Nicias at Syracuse, but he was captured and put to death.

DEMOTIC ALPHABET. See EGYPT.

DEMOT'IKA (MGk. Advubreixov, Didymoteichon, double-walled, from diovuos, didymos, twin, +Teixos, teichos, wall). A town in European Turkey, in the Province of Adrianople, 22 miles south of Adrianople (Map: Turkey in Europe, F 4). It is situated on the Maritza, here navigable for small vessels, and is connected by rail with Constantinople. It contains an old palace and a citadel, and is the seat of a Greek archbishop. The inhabitants are engaged in agriculture, fishing, and seafaring. Demotika is noted as the temporary residence of Charles XII. of Sweden after his defeat at Poltava. Population, about 5000, mostly Greeks.

DEMP'STER, THOMAS (c.1579-1625). A Scotch scholar and author, born at Cliftbog, in Aberdeenshire. The details of his life are given in an untrustworthy autobiography, but from other sources it seems that he was educated at Cambridge, and was professor first at Pisa and later at Bologna. He left a Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum (1627), which, while curiously dishonest concerning earlier personages, is sometimes valuable for the information it gives of the author's contemporaries. The Ballantyne Club issued an edition of it in 1829. Dempster's best work is an annotated edition of Accolti's De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros Gesto (1623), and he also enjoyed a good reputation as a Latin poet.

DEMULCENTS (Lat. demulcere, to stroke down, soften, from de, down + mulcere, to stroke). Bland and lubricating liquid substances taken by the mouth for the purpose of soothing irritation of the mucous membranes of the gastro-intestinal tract, and reflexly of the larnyx and bronchi. The same substances are also given in enemata to relieve irritation of the lower portion of the bowels. Water must be classed as the most valuable of the demulcents. Demulcents are chiefly composed of starch, or gum, or of substances containing these, dissolved in water; sometimes also of oily matters, or the white of eggs, and other albuminous or gelatinous substances largely diluted. The decoction of althæa, or marshmallow, is a favorite form of demulcent; flaxseed tea is a common domestic remedy of this class.

DEMURRAGE (OF. demorage, from demorer, to delay, from Lat. demorari, to delay, from de, down + morari, to delay). In admiralty law, an allowance made to the master or owners of a ship by the freighter when she is detained in port by the latter beyond the specified time of sailing for his own convenience. A certain number of days, called running or working days, are allowed for receiving and discharging cargo, and it is usually

DEMURRAGE.

stipulated in charter-parties that the freighter may detain the vessel, either for a specified time or as long as he pleases, on paying so much per diem for overtime. All the ordinary causes of detention, such as port regulations, the crowded state of the harbor, and the like, are at the risk of the freighter, and demurrage must be paid, though it be proved that the delay was unavoidable, unless it is due to the ship-owner's fault. The demurrage ceases as soon as the vessel is cleared for sailing, though she should be prevented from actually doing so by adverse winds. When the days of demurrage are limited by special contract, and the ship is detained beyond them, the sum due as demurrage under the contract will be taken as the measure of the loss for the further time which may be claimed in the form of damages. It will be open, however, to both parties to show that the rate thus fixed Where per diem is either too high or too low. there is no stipulation beyond the ordinary agreement that the usual time shall be allowed for loading and unloading, the master will be entitled, when this period expires, either to sail or to claim damages for detention. A suit for the recovery of demurrage is an admiralty and maritime case. Consult the authorities referred to

under ADMIRALTY LAW.

DEMURRER. A pleading which in legal effect admits the facts alleged by the opposite party to be true for the purpose of argument, but denies that they are sufficient, as a matter of law, to sustain his claim; or which sets up that there is some other defect on the face of the pleading which is a legal reason why the plaintiff should not be allowed to proceed under it. It is always based solely upon what is stated in the pleading to which it is interposed, and cannot contain any

other defense.

Its purposes vary somewhat in different jurisdictions; but, generally, in addition to denying that the facts alleged constitute a cause of action, it may be used to put in issue the jurisdiction of the court, the capacity of the plaintiff to sue, that another action is pending between the parties for the same cause, that there is a defect of parties plaintiff or defendant, or that several causes of action are improperly joined in the same pleading. It may be interposed to any pleading of either plaintiff or defendant which alleges new matter'--that is, something in addition to what was set out in the last previous pleading.

It is in the discretion of the court to allow the party whose pleading is thus attacked to amend if the objection is well taken and sustained, and great liberality is shown by the courts in this respect, especially where the defect is in some technical matter of form and an amendment curing it would not prejudice the opposite party. On the other hand, if the demurrer is overruled the demurrant is usually allowed to answer if he can convince the court there is probable merit in his proposed defense. These privileges are usu ally granted upon terms, as the imposition of costs to date of the argument. They have been abolished and other proceedings designed to accomplish like results substituted in the King's Bench and Chancery divisions of the High Court in England, but are retained and in constant use in most of the United States, both under the codes and the modified common-law system of pleading. See ANSWER; PLEADING.

DENBIGHSHIRE.

DEMY, dê-mi' (Fr. demi, from Lat. dimidius, half). A term applied to those holders of scholarships in Magdalen College, Oxford, called demyships. The name would seem to be a shortened form of the Latin demi-socii (half-fellows), the formal term by which they are more elegantly distinguished. Of the thirty-eight demyships, there are eight senior, valued each at £100, and thirty junior, of the value of £50 a year. Addison was a demy.

In

DEMY. A particular size of paper. America, writing demy is a sheet 16 by 21 inches. In England, writing demy is 15 by 20 inches; printing demy is 17% by 22 inches; and double demy, 26 by 381⁄2 inches.

DENAIN, de năn. A town in the Department of Nord, France, on the left bank of the Scheldt, five miles southwest of Valenciennes (Map: France, K 1). It owes its prosperity to its situation in the centre of an extensive coalgives it unusual facilities for smelting, and its field. The immediate vicinity of iron-mines also works of this kind are of considerable importance. Denain is a regular and well-built town, and has a good market. It has some manufactures of beet-root sugar, steel, candy, and spirits. Population, in 1896, 19,900; in 1901, 23,204.

DENA'RIUS (Lat. from deni, ten each, from decem, ten). The principal silver coin of ancient Rome. The earliest money of Rome was of bronze, and the standard was the as, nominally a pound of bronze. In B.C. 269 the as, which had decreased in size and value, was fixed by law at a lower valuation, and a silver coinage was introduced, with the denarius (= 10 asses) and the quinarius (= 5 asses). About B.C. 154 the denarius was made equivalent to 16 asses (still further reduced), and remained so (about 17 cents) until the time of Nero, after which it underwent a gradual diminution until silver money disappeared entirely in the third century A.D.

DEN'ARY SCALE. See NOTATION. DE NATU'RA DEO'RUM (Lat., On the Nature of the Gods). A treatise on the nature of the gods by Cicero, containing an exposition of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophies, and a criticism of both from the point of view of the Academics. It is in the form of a conversation between representatives of the three schools.

DENBIGH, děn'bi (Welsh Din-bach, little fort). A municipal borough and the county town of Denbighshire, Wales, 30 miles west of Chester (Map: Wales, C 3). It stands in the vale of the Clwyd, on the sides and at the foot of a rugged, steep, limestone hill, crowned by the imposing ruins of a castle built in 1284 by Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, on the foundations of fortifications erected by William the Conqueror, and where there are traces of still earlier castellated remains. It sheltered Charles I. after the battle of Rowton Moor. It was taken by the Roundheads, but was dismantled after the Restoration. A lunatic asylum for the five counties of North Wales was erected near the town in 1848. It also contains a Bluecoat school and an asylum for orphan girls. The town's industry consists of the manufacture of boots and shoes, and trade in leather. Population, in 1901, 6400. Henry M. Stanley, the African explorer, was born near Denbigh.

DENBIGHSHIRE. A county of North Wales, on the Irish Sea and between the Dee and

the Conway. It contains 666 square miles, with 8 miles of coast. The surface is partly rugged and mountainous; about two-thirds is under cultivation. Its corn, cheese, butter, and live stock are greatly esteemed. The chief towns are Denbigh, the capital, Wrexham, and Llangollen. Population, in 1891, 118,979; in 1901, 131,582.

rooms.

The

DEN'BY, CHARLES (1830-1904). An American lawyer and diplomat, born at Mount Doy, Va. He studied at Georgetown University and the Virginia Military Institute; was admitted to the bar in 1855, and subsequently served in the State Legislature. During the Civil War he rose to be colonel of the Forty-second and the Eightieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. From 1885 to 1898 he was Minister to China, and in the latter year became a member of the commission for the investigation of the conduct of the war with Spain. In 1899 he became a member of the civil commission for the Philippine Islands. He wrote China and Her People, 2 vols. (1905). Consult Little, The Far East (Oxford, 1905). DENDERAH, děn'der-ä (Gk. Tévrupa, Tentyra, Coptic Tentore, perhaps 'the goddess,' evidently the end of a longer, mutilated name). A village of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, opposite the large city of Keneh, in about latitude 26° 12' N. It is celebrated for the ancient temple west of the village, one of the best preserved and most beautiful of ancient Egypt, although only of moderate size. portico (51 yards wide) has twenty-four columns, bearing the head of the goddess of Denderah; the interior is divided into twenty-seven This temple is said to stand on the site of a building dating from the time of King Cheops (q.v.), which was restored in the twelfth and eighteenth dynasties. The present structure was begun under Ptolemy XIII., Auletes, and the temple was dedicated under Tiberius, although some details of the ornamentation date from his immediate successors. Among the many pictures and inscriptions, which are of rather moderate execution, a representation of the zodiac (or better, the sky) aroused much interest after its publication in the Description d'Egypte; it has, however, proved to be merely a mythological representation and of no value for astronomical purposes. Consult Letronne, Observations sur l'objet des représentations zodia cales de l'antiquité (Paris, 1824). For information about the cow-formed goddess Hathor of Denderah, see АTHOR. The tombs of the ancient princes of Denderah of the fourth to the eighteenth dynasty were excavated by Flinders Petrie in 1898. For the inscriptions, consult: Mariette, Denderah (Paris, 1870-80); Dümichen, Baugeschichte des Denderatempels (Strassburg, 1877). DENDERMONDE, den'der-môn'dê. A fortified town of Belgium, in the Province of East Flanders, at the confluence of the Dender and the Scheldt, 18 miles east of Ghent. It has a fine church, which contains a number of paintings by Van Dyke and De Crayer, an old citadel, and an elaborately decorated fourteenth-century town hall (Map: Belgium, C 3). There are also several manufacturing establishments for the production of cotton goods, soap, and linen. Dendermonde was besieged in 1667 by Louis XIV., from whose hands it was saved by the opening of the sluices, which resulted in the flooding of the surrounding country. It was taken by the French in 1745. Population, in 1900, 9953.

DEN'DRITE (Gk. devôpiτns, dendrites, of or pertaining to a tree, from ôévôpov, dendron, tree). The peculiar tree-like or branching effect found in minerals and due to the crystallization in them of certain metallic oxides, especially that of manganese. The well-known moss-agate or mocha stone is a typical illustration of the dendritic markings due to manganese oxide, which are distributed through the mineral, producing a moss-like appearance. Dendrites are frequently used as gem stones.

DENDRITE. A process which passes off from a nerve-cell. See NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BRAIN.

DEN'DROLITES. See PETRIFIED WOOD. DENDROPH'AGUS. See CROWN GALL. DENFERT-ROCHEREAU, däN'fâr' rô'shero, PIERRE MARIE PHILIPPE ARISTIDE (1823-78). A French officer, born at Saint-Maixent (Deuxentered the engineer corps, and served as a capSèvres). He studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, tain in the Crimean War. In 1864 he was appointed chief engineer of Belfort, of which fortress he became governor with the rank of colonel in 1870. During the Franco-German War he defended the fortress from October, 1870, to February, 1871, and surrendered only when ordered to do so by the Government (February 16). He was elected to the National Assembly in 1871 and 1877. He assisted Thiers and de la Laurencie in the preparation of the Histoire de la défense de Belfort (Paris, 1871); and wrote Des droits politiques des militaires (1874). heroic defense of Belfort is there commemorated by Bartholdi's colossal granite 'Lion.'

His

Its

DENGUÉ, děnʼgå (Sp. dengue, prudery, fastidiousness, from Lat. denegare, to deny, refuse), or BREAKBONE FEVER, also called DANDY and BUCKET FEVER. A disease known in the southern parts of the United States and in the West Indies, where it was first described as having appeared in the years 1827 and 1828, and appearing as an epidemic in Australia, in 1897-98. symptoms are chill, fevers, headache, pain and swelling about the joints, and severe pain in the bones, a rose-colored eruption over the body, and great prostration. It is rarely fatal. The names "dengue" and "dandy" are said to have been applied to the disease because of the stiff erectness and careful walk of those afflicted. It is now believed to be a mosquito-borne disease. Quinine is used in its treatment.

DENHAM, děn'am, DIXON (1786-1828). An English explorer. He was born in London, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. He fought in the Peninsular campaign, distinguished himself at the battle of Toulouse by his daring and gallantry, and subsequently served in the Netherlands. He was associated with Clapperton and Oudney in an exploring expedition to Central Africa, which reached Lake Chad by way of In 1828 Denham Tripoli and Murzuk in 1823. became Governor of Sierra Leone. Consult his Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa (1826).

DENHAM, Sir JOHN (1615-69). An English poet, born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of an Irish judge bearing the same name. He was educated at Oxford, and studied law at Lincoln's Inn. His first publication was a tragedy, called Sophy (1642), performed with applause at Blackfriars. To 1642 also belongs the first ver