arm, father.

"ant, and final a in America, armada, etc. In rapid speech this vowel readily becomes more or less obscured and like the neutral vowel or a short u (ŭ).

D as in the Spanish Almodovar, pulgada, where it is nearly like th in English then, this.

g G

66

"all, fall.

66 eve.

66

66

elate, evade. "end, pet.

The characters ě, ā, and a are used for ä in German, as in Gärtner, Gräfe, Hähnel, to the values of which they are the nearest English vowel sounds. The sound of Swedish ä is also indicated by ě.

"fern, her, and as i in sir. Also for ö, oe, in German, as in Göthe, Goethe, Ortel, Oertel, and for eu and oeu in French, as in Neufchâtel, Crèvecœur ; to which it is the nearest English vowel sound.

n

go, get. "the German Landtag, and ch in Feuerbach, buch; where it is a guttural sound made with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate, as in the sound made in clearing the throat.

as j in the Spanish Jijona, g in the Spanish gila; where it is a fricative somewhat resembling the sound of h in English hue or y in yet, but stronger. wh in which. "ch in the German ich, Albrecht, and g in the German Arensberg, Mecklenburg; where it is a fricative sound made between the tongue and the hard palate toward which the tongue is raised. It resembles the sound of h in hue, or y in yet; or the sound made by beginning to pronounce a k, but not completing the stoppage of the breath. The character K is also used to indicate the rough aspirates or fricatives of some of the Oriental languages, as of kh in the word Khan. as in sinker, longer.

zh as z in azure, and s in pleasure.

An apostrophe ['] is sometimes used to denote a glide or neutral connecting vowel, as in tā'b'l (table), kǎz”m (chasm).

Otherwise than as noted above, the letters used in the respellings for pronunciation are to receive their ordinary English sounds.

When the pronunciation is sufficiently shown by indicating the accented syllables, this is done without respelling; as in the case of very common English words, and words which are so spelled as to insure their correct pronunciation if they are correctly accented. See the article on PRONUN

CIATION.

STANFORD LIBRAR

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AVIOUD, då'vê'oo', GABRIEL JEAN ANTOINE (1823-81). A French architect. He was born in Paris, and studied at the School of Fine Arts, where he carried off a number of prizes. He acquired great reputation, as inspector of gardens and public squares, by the important part he took in the embellishment of Paris (1859-62). He ornamented the Bois de Boulogne, the Champs Elysées, and most of the public squares, and was also engaged on various private edifices. His principal work was the Palace of the Trocadéro, erected in conjunction with Bourdais for the world's exposition in 1878.

DA'VIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826-). An American lecturer and writer on spiritualism, born in Orange County, N. Y. His first book, The Principles of Nature, he dictated in 1845 after a trance of sixteen hours, during which time he claimed to have received his inspiration from communion with inhabitants of the spirit world. Some of his other works are: The Penetralia (1856); The Magic Staff, an autobiography (1857); Arabula, or the Divine Guest (1867); Mental Diseases and Disorders of the Brain (1871); and Autobiography (1885). Most of his books are plentifully supplied with allusions to personal experiences with spirit revelation, which must necessarily be received without verification.

DAVIS, CHARLES HENRY (1807-77). An American naval officer, born in Boston. He entered the navy in 1823 as midshipman, and was stationed on different vessels and on the coast survey until 1861, when, with the rank of captain, he was a member of the board which examined the defenses of Southern ports. In the expedition against Port Royal, S. C. (q.v.), he was fleet-captain and chief of staff. He became flag-officer of the Mississippi flotilla early in 1862, and on May 10 engaged a Confederate fleet of eight ironclads (four of them rams) off Fort Pillow (q.v.). Later (June 6) he defeated the fleet decisively in an engagement near Memphis, captured or destroyed all but one of the vessels, and received also the surrender of Memphis. He then joined Farragut in the operations at Vicksburg. Davis attained the rank of rearadmiral in 1863, and spent most of his remaining service as superintendent of the Naval Ob

servatory at Washington, and commander of the Norfolk Navy Yard. He wrote Geological Action of the Tidal and Other Currents of the Ocean, and other works of a similar nature, and was superintendent of the American Nautical Almanac in 1849-56 and 1859-61.

An

American painter, born at Cambridge, Mass. He DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857-). wards under Boulanger and Lefebvre in Paris, studied with Grondman in Boston, and afterwhere his "Valley at Evening" attracted conHe lived many years in France, and on his residerable attention at the Exposition of 1878. turn took up his residence at Mystic, Conn. He obtained the Palmer prize for landscape at the Chicago Exposition of 1890, and the $2000 prize given by the American Art Association in 1887. Other notable works by him are: "The Brook," in the Philadelphia Academy; "Late Afternoon," at the Union League Club, in New York City; and "Evening," at the Metropolitan Museum, in New York City. His works are characterized by fidelity to Nature.

DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900). An American statesman. He was born in Henderson, N. Y.; graduated at the University of Michigan in 1857, studied law, and during the Civil War served in the Federal Army. In 1867 he was a member of the Minnesota Legislature, and from 1868 to 1873 was United States district attorney. In 1874 he was elected Governor of his State. In 1887 he was elected to the United States Senate. He succeeded John Sherman as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations,

and, upon the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, was appointed one of the United States peace commissioners. His influence was important in securing the consent of the Senate to the Treaty of Paris. He published The Law in Shakespeare (new ed., 1900).

DAVIS, DAVID (1815-86). An American jurist, born in Cecil County, Md. He graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1832, and was admitted to the Illinois bar. He was afterwards a member of the State Legislature and of the State Constitutional Convention of 1847, was a judge of the State Circuit Court from 1848 to 1862, and was a justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1862 to 1877. In 1872 he accepted the Presidential nomination from the

National Labor Reform Party, but afterwards withdrew his name,. From 1877 to 1883 he was a United States Senator; and succeeded Chester A. Arthur as President of that body, serving until 1883. In politics he was an independent, but usually acted with the Democratic Party.

DAVIS, GEORGE ROYAL (1840-99). An American soldier and politician, born at Palmer, Mass. He served throughout the Civil War, and rose to be colonel of the Third Rhode Island Volunteer Cavalry. From 1879 to 1885 he was a Republican member of Congress from Illinois, and in 1884 and again in 1888 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. He was director-general of the Columbian Exposition of 1893.

DAVIS, GEORGE WHITEFIELD (1839-). An American soldier, born & Thompson, Conn. He enlisted in the Eleventh Connecticut Infantry in 1861, and by 1865 had received the brevet rank of major. He was appointed captain in the Fourteenth United States Infantry in 1867, and retired in 1903 with the rank of major-general. He was appointed military governor of Porto Rico in 1899, inspector-general of the army in the Philippines in 1900, and was military governor of Manila in 1901. He was appointed a member of the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1904, and was governor of the Canal Zone in 1904-5. In 1905, he was appointed on the Board of Consulting Engineers for the canal.

DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833—). An English painter, born at Finchley. He was a pupil of the Royal Academy, and was elected a member in 1877. Many of his subjects represent the French coast about Boulogne. Among his landscapes are: "Spring Ploughing" (1866); "Dewy Eve" (1870); "After Sundown" (1877), "Showers in June" (1882); "The Road to the Sanctuary;" "Lost Sheep;" "Sea and Land Waves;" and "Contentment." His treatment of landscape is exact and delicate.

DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-65). An American legislator. He was born in Annapolis, Md., graduated at Kenyon College in 1837, and studied law at the University of Virginia. In 1850 he settled in Baltimore. He was a member

of Congress from 1855 to 1861, and again from 1863 to 1865, first as a Whig, then as a KnowNothing or American, and finally as a Republican, and made himself conspicuous by his devotion to the Union and his advocacy of the emancipation of the slaves. During his latter term (1863-65) he was chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He published The War of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century (1853). His speeches, edited by Cresswell, were published in New York in 1867.

DAVIS, JAMES. See HALL, OWEN. DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808-89). A soldier, statesman, and the President of the Confederate States of America. He was born in Christian, now Todd, County, Ky., June 3, 1808, the chief strains in his blood being Welsh and ScotchIrish. His family removed during his infancy to Mississippi, with which State his fame has always been connected. He received a gentle rearing, although his education was at first limited, owing to the conditions of the country. After a year or two at a Roman Catholic school in Kentucky, and a short period at a college in Mississippi, he entered Transylvania University at Lexington, Ky an institution which seems to

have done good work for those times. Here he received the elements of a classical education; but in 1824, before graduation, he was transferred to West Point. He graduated rather low in his class, but he had given evidence of soldierly qualities and had won the regard of his classmates. Entering the army at once, in 1828, with the usual brevet of second lieutenant, he served seven years on the northwestern frontier, manifesting capacity to command, to perform arduous duties, and to win confidence and affection. In 1835, falling ill, he resigned from the army, in which he had risen to the rank of first lieutenant, and in the same year married a daughter of Zachary Taylor. The young wife died, however, in a few months, and Davis sought restoration for his shattered health in Cuba. After a short stay in Washington, where he began his friendship with Franklin Pierce, he returned to Mississippi and devoted himself to planting and study. This period from 1837 to 1845 was spent in an almost hermit-like seclusion, and Davis, who, as early as 1833, when the Nullification controversy was at its height, had made up his mind that it was unconstitutional to coerce a State, now gained fluency and logical consistency in advocating the States' rights doctrines held by Calhoun. After some little participation in local politics, he was elected to Congress in 1845, where he favored the annexation of Texas. He was a ready and dignified speaker, and an ardent but by no means servile follower of Calhoun. The next year, on the outbreak of the Mexican War, he was elected colonel of the First Mississippi Volunteers and distinguished himself at Monterey and Buena Vista, his famous formation of the reëntering angle at the latter engagement being a gallant exploit. On his retirement from the war with a severe wound, the Governor of Mississippi in 1847 appointed him to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, and in 1848 the Legislature elected him for the residue of the term; in 1850 he was reëlected. In the debates relative to the introduction of slavery into the Territories, Davis was zealous for the institution and for a strict construction of the Constitution. In 1851 he resigned in order to make the contest for the Governorship against the Unionist candidate. Davis made a vigorous canvass, but was defeated by a small majority. In March, 1853, he became Secretary of War under President Pierce, and made an efficient official, improving the service in various ways. In the matter of the Kansas-NePresident, but he was thoroughly conscientious. braska legislation he proved a bad adviser to the

When he reëntered the Senate in 1857, he was the acknowledged leader of the Southerners, becoming the most determined, though not the most radical, of the States' rights men in the stormy days just before the war. In 1860 Davis offered in the Senate a series of resolutions which were adopted, to the effect that the States had formally accepted the Constitution as independent sovereigns, delegating to the General Government a portion of their power for the sake of security; that the intermeddling on the part of any one of them with the domestic institutions of another was not only insulting, but dangerous to the domestic peace and tending to destroy the Union; that negro slavery was legal, and that neither Congress nor Territorial legislation had the right to interfere with it. Yet Davis was devoted