be paid for shall not exceed for each size and class of pipe received the sum of the standard weights of the same number of pieces of the given size and class by more than 2 per cent.

No special casting shall be accepted the weight of which shall be less than the standard weight by more than 10 per cent for pipes 12 inches or less in diameter, and 8 per cent for larger sizes, except that curves, Y-pieces and breeches pipe may be 12 per cent below the standard weight, and no excess above the standard weight of more than the above percentages for the several sizes will be paid for. These variations apply only to castings made from the standard patterns.

Quality of Iron.

Section 8. All pipes and special castings shall be made of cast iron of good quality, and of such character as shall make the metal of the castings strong, tough and of even grain, and soft enough to satisfactorily admit of drilling and cutting. The metal shall be made without any admixture of cinder iron or other inferior metal, and shall be remelted in a cupola or air furnace.

The contractor shall have the right to make and break three bars from each heat or run of metal, and the test shall be based upon the average results of the three bars. Should the dimensions of the three bars differ from those given below, a proper allowance therefor shall be made in the results of the tests.

Tests of Material.

Section 9. Specimen bars of the metal used, each being 26 inches long by 2 inches wide and 1 inch thick, shall be made without charge as often as the engineer may direct, and in default of definite instructions the contractor shall make and test at least one bar from each heat or run of metal. The bars when placed flatwise upon supports 24 inches apart, and loaded in the center, shall support a load of 2,000 lb. and show a deflection of not less than 30 of an inch before breaking; or, if preferred, tensile bars shall be made which will show a breaking point of not less than 20,000 lb. per square inch.

Casting of Pipe.

Section 10. The straight pipes shall be cast in dry sand molds in a vertical position. Pipes 16 inches or less in diameter shall be cast with the hub end down.

The pipes shall not be stripped or taken from the pit while showing color of heat, but shall be left in the flasks for a sufficient length of time to prevent unequal contraction by subsequent exposure.

Quality of Castings.

Section 11. The pipes and special castings shall be smooth, free from scales, lumps, blisters, sand holes and defects of every nature which unfit them for the use for which they are intended. No plugging or filling will be allowed.

Cleaning and Inspection.

Section 12. All pipes and special castings shall be thoroughly cleaned and subjected to a careful hammer inspection. No casting shall be coated unless entirely clean and free from rust, and approved in these respects by the engineer immediately before being dipped.

Coating.

Section 13. Every pipe and special casting shall be coated inside and out with coal-tar pitch varnish. The varnish shall be made from coal tar. To this material sufficient oil shall be added to make a smooth coating, tough and tenacious when cold, and not brittle nor with any tendency to scale off.

Each casting shall be heated to a temperature of 300 degrees Fahrenheit immediately before it is dipped, and shall possess not less than this temperature at the time it is put in the vat. The ovens in which the pipes are heated shall be so arranged that all portions of the pipe shall be heated to an even temperature. Each casting shall remain in the bath at least five minutes.

The varnish shall be heated to a temperature of 300 degrees Fahrenheit (or less if the engineer shall so order), and shall be maintained at this temperature during the time the casting is immersed.

Fresh pitch and oil shall be added when necessary to keep the mixture at the proper consistency, and the vat shall be emptied of its contents and refilled with fresh pitch when deemed necessary by the engineer. After being coated the pipe shall be carefully drained of the surplus varnish. Any pipe or special casting that is to be recoated shall first be thoroughly scraped and cleaned.

Hydrostatic Test.

Section 14. When the coating has become hard, the straight pipes shall be subjected to a proof by hydrostatic pressure, and, if required by the engineer, they shall also be subjected to a hammer test under this pressure.

The pressure to which the different sizes and classes of pipe shall be subjected are as follows:

Section 15. The pipes and special castings shall be weighed for payment under the supervision of the engineer after the application of the coal-tar pitch varnish. If desired by the engineer, the pipes and special castings shall be weighed after their delivery, and the weights

so ascer

tained shall be used in the final settlement, provided such weighing is done by a legalized weighmaster. Bids shall be submitted and a final settlement made upon the basis of a ton of 2,000 lb.

Contractor to Furnish Men and Material.

Section 16. The contractor shall provide all tools, testing machines, materials and men necessary for the required testing, inspection and weighing at the foundry of the pipe and special castings; and should the purchaser have no inspector at the works, the contractor shall, if required by the engineer, furnish a sworn statement that all of the tests have been made as specified, this statement to contain the results of the tests upon the test bars.

Power of Engineer to Inspect.

Section 17. The engineer shall be at liberty at all times to inspect the material at the foundry, and the moldings, castings and coating of the pipes and special castings. The forms, sizes, uniformity and conditions of all pipes and other castings herein referred to shall be subject to his inspection and approval, and he may reject, without proving, any pipe or other casting which is not in conformity with the specifications or drawings.

Inspector to Report.

Section 18. The inspector at the foundry shall report daily to the foundry office all pipes and special castings rejected, with the causes for rejection.

Castings to Be Delivered Sound and Perfect.

Section 19. All the pipes and other castings must be delivered in all respects sound and conformable to these specifications. The inspection shall not relieve the contractor of any of his obligations in this respect, and any defective pipes or other castings which may have passed the engineer at the works or elsewhere shall be at all times liable to rejection when discovered until the final completion and adjustment of the cou tract; provided, however, that the contractor shall not be held liable for pipes or special castings found to be cracked after they have been accepted at the agreed point of delivery. Care shall be taken in handling the pipes not to injure the coating, and no pipes or other material of any kind shall be placed in the pipes during transportation at or any time after they have received the coating.

Definition of the Word "Engineer."

Section 20. Wherever the word "engineer" is used herein it shall be understood to refer to the engineer or inspector acting for the purchaser and to his properly authorized agents, limited by the particular duties intrusted to them.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDRANTS AND VALVES SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDRANTS

1. SIZE

CLASSIFICATION.-The size of hydrant shall be designated by the nominal diameter of the valve opening, which must be at least 4 inches for hydrants having two 21⁄2 inch hose nozzles; 5 inches for hydrants having three 21⁄2-inch nozzles; and 6 inches for hydrants having four 21⁄2-inch nozzles; and shall be classed as one-way, two-way, three-way or four-way, etc., according to the number of 21⁄2-inch hose outlets for which they are designed.

AREA OF WATER WAY.-The net area of the hydrant at the smallest part, when the valve is wide open, must not be less than 120 per cent. that of the valve opening.

BELL ENDS OR FLANGE ENDS.—All hydrants must be fitted with bell ends to fit standard cast-iron pipe, or if flanged they must be fitted with flanges of the standard dimensions corresponding to the pressure under which they are to be used; connecting pipe or flange from main to hydrant in no case to be less in diameter than the valve opening. (The standards referred to are those adopted or that may be adopted by this Association.) 2. GENERAL DESIGN

TYPE.-Hydrants may be of compression or gate type.

CHANGE IN DIAMETER.-Any change in diameter of the water passage through the hydrant must have easy curve, and all outlets must have rounded corners of good radius.

WATER HAMMER-Hydrants must be so designed, particularly as regards the pitch of the thread of the operating stem, that, when properly operated a water hammer will not be caused which will give an increased pressure to exceed the working pressure, when such pressure is over 60 lb., nor increase the pressure more than 60 lbs. when operated under less working pressure than 60 lb.

BROKEN HYDRANT.-Valve when shut must remain reasonably tight when upper portion of barrel is broken off.

FRICTION LOSS.-With a 5-foot hydrant discharging 260 gallons per minute, through each 21⁄2-inch outlet, the total friction loss of the hydrant must not exceed 2 lb. for two-way, 3 lb. for three-way, and 4 lb. for four-way hydrants.

STRAPPING. When requested, hydrants must be fitted with 2 lugs, so that the leaded joint underground can be strapped.

FLANGE JOINTS ABOVE GROUND.-When hydrant barrel is made in two sections, the upper flange connection must be at least 2 inches above the ground line.

3. MATERIAL

HYDRANT BODY.-The hydrant body must be made of cast iron. CAST IRON. All castings shall be made from a superior quality iron, remelted in cupola or air furnace, though and even grain, and sha possess a tensile strength of 22,000 lb. per sq. in. The casting must b

clean and perfect, without blow or sand holes, or defects of any kind. No plugging or stopping of holes will be allowed.

SPECIMEN BARS.-Specimen bars of the metal used, each being 26 inches long, by 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick, shall be made without charge, as often as the engineer may direct, and in default of definite instructions, the contractor shall make and test at least one bar from each heat or run of metal. The bars when placed flatwise upon supports 24 inches apart, and loaded in the center, shall support a load of 2,200 lb., and show a deflection of not less than 0.35 of an inch, before breaking; or, if preferred, tensile bars shall be made which shall show a breaking point of not less than 22,000 lb. per sq. in. Bars must be cast as nearly as possible to the dimensions without finishing, but corrections may be made by the engineer for variations in width and thickness, and the corrected result must conform to the above requirements.

WROUGHT IRON.-All wrought iron shall be of the best quality of refined iron of a tensile strength of at least 45,000 lb. per sq. in.

COMPOSITION METALS.-All composition or other non-corrodible metals used to be of the best quality, to have a tensile strength of not less than 32,000 lb. per sq. in., with a 5 per cent reduction of area at breaking point. 4. HOSE NIPPLES AND VALVES

HOSE NIPPLES.-Hose nipples must be of bronze or suitable non-corrodible metal, either threaded with a fine thread into the hydrants and securely pinned in place, or carefully locked and caulked in place.

HOSE THREADS.-Hose threads on all hydrants to be installed in any given community must of necessity be interchangeable with those already in service, but, where practicable threads should conform to the National Standard.

5. HYDRANT SEAT AND, GATE

SEAT. The seat must be made of bronze or suitable non-corrodible metal, securely fastened in place.

VALVE. The valve must be faced with a yielding material, such as rubber or leather, except that, if of the gate type, a bronze ring may be used. The valve must be designed so that it can be easily removed for repairs without digging up the hydrant.

6. DRIP VALVE

DRIP. A positively operating non-corrodible drip valve must be provided and arranged so as to properly drain the hydrant when the main valve is closed. The seat for the waste valve, which must be fastened in the hydrant securely, must be made of non-corrodible material. All other parts of the drip mechanism must be so designed as to be easily removed without digging up the hydrant.

7. OPERATING PARTS

OPERATING THREADS.-The operating threads of the hydrant must be so arranged as to do away with the working of any iron or steel parts